关于SSL/TLS/JSSE的介绍:
1)SSL/TLS协议运行机制
2)图解SSL/TLS协议
3)使用wireshark观察SSL/TLS握手过程
4)SSL/TLS的Java实现--JSSE
(一)使用keytool创建密钥库
使用双向认证的SSL/TLS协议通信,客户端和服务器端都要设置用于证实自己身份的安全证书,并且还要设置信任对方的哪些安全证书。
理论上一共需要准备四个文件,两个keystore文件和两个truststore文件。
通信双方分别拥有一个keystore和一个truststore,keystore用于存放自己的密钥和公钥,truststore用于存放所有需要信任方的公钥。
首先使用JDK自带的keytool工具来生成keystore和truststore。这里使用的Java版本是1.7。
1)创建server的keystore文件,生成server的公钥/私钥密钥对。需要指定keystore的密码(storepass)和密钥对的密码(keypass)。
访问keystore需要storepass。访问密钥对需要keypass。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -genkey -alias catserver -keyalg rsa -keysize 1024 -sigalg sha256withrsa -keypass catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks
- What is your first and last name?
- [Unknown]: cat
- What is the name of your organizational unit?
- [Unknown]: cat
- What is the name of your organization?
- [Unknown]: cat
- What is the name of your City or Locality?
- [Unknown]: cat
- What is the name of your State or Province?
- [Unknown]: cat
- What is the two-letter country code for this unit?
- [Unknown]: ct
- Is CN=cat, OU=cat, O=cat, L=cat, ST=cat, C=ct correct?
- [no]: y
2)创建client的keystore文件。同样需要指定keystore的密码和密钥对的密码。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -genkey -alias foxclient -keyalg dsa -keysize 512 -sigalg sha1withdsa -keypass foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks
- What is your first and last name?
- [Unknown]: fox
- What is the name of your organizational unit?
- [Unknown]: fox
- What is the name of your organization?
- [Unknown]: fox
- What is the name of your City or Locality?
- [Unknown]: fox
- What is the name of your State or Province?
- [Unknown]: fox
- What is the two-letter country code for this unit?
- [Unknown]: fx
- Is CN=fox, OU=fox, O=fox, L=fox, ST=fox, C=fx correct?
- [no]: y
3)从server的keystore中导出server的证书(其中包括server的公钥)。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -export -alias catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks -file c:\_tmp\catserver.cer
- Certificate stored in file <c:\_tmp\catserver.cer>
4)从client的keystore中导出client的证书(其中包括client的公钥)。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -export -alias foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks -file c:\_tmp\foxclient.cer
- Certificate stored in file <c:\_tmp\foxclient.cer>
5)创建server的truststore文件并导入client的证书(其中包括client的公钥)。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -import -alias foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\catservertrust.keystore -storepass catservertrustks -file c:\_tmp\foxclient.cer
- Owner: CN=fox, OU=fox, O=fox, L=fox, ST=fox, C=fx
- Issuer: CN=fox, OU=fox, O=fox, L=fox, ST=fox, C=fx
- Serial number: 6eaf996f
- Valid from: Wed Nov 05 16:15:41 CST 2014 until: Tue Feb 03 16:15:41 CST 2015
- Certificate fingerprints:
- MD5: B5:B6:92:66:84:92:A0:C2:F5:40:39:25:F8:66:2A:17
- SHA1: 07:42:A3:1A:49:7B:C9:34:4B:6B:FA:37:6C:20:98:D4:20:13:7C:91
- SHA256: 37:A5:00:A3:13:00:DE:99:3B:08:47:F6:1E:8A:05:F1:4A:B2:C6:22:20:
- E1:AF:0E:05:B2:CE:E0:2F:94:B6:94
- Signature algorithm name: SHA1withDSA
- Version: 3
- Extensions:
- #1: ObjectId: 2.5.29.14 Criticality=false
- SubjectKeyIdentifier [
- KeyIdentifier [
- 0000: 69 3E 6A D0 B5 B1 1F BD 48 46 E1 A4 6C 1F 71 90 i>j.....HF..l.q.
- 0010: 29 06 3B 32 ).;2
- ]
- ]
- Trust this certificate? [no]: y
- Certificate was added to keystore
6)创建client的truststore文件并导入server的证书(其中包括server的公钥)。
- C:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin>keytool -import -alias catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclienttrust.keystore -storepass foxclienttrustks -file c:\_tmp\catserver.cer
- Owner: CN=cat, OU=cat, O=cat, L=cat, ST=cat, C=ct
- Issuer: CN=cat, OU=cat, O=cat, L=cat, ST=cat, C=ct
- Serial number: 3e421457
- Valid from: Wed Nov 05 16:13:52 CST 2014 until: Tue Feb 03 16:13:52 CST 2015
- Certificate fingerprints:
- MD5: 20:44:7C:E5:30:E6:7A:21:C2:49:64:77:E1:3A:A0:77
- SHA1: 8B:02:D2:BE:98:2F:99:94:08:47:E2:96:EC:05:1B:5D:B1:8F:30:2F
- SHA256: A6:66:85:F4:C2:B2:06:4E:2E:40:D8:52:84:6E:85:2B:5B:BB:C3:B0:9C:
- 31:92:99:F5:91:5D:83:67:C8:4D:D8
- Signature algorithm name: SHA256withRSA
- Version: 3
- Extensions:
- #1: ObjectId: 2.5.29.14 Criticality=false
- SubjectKeyIdentifier [
- KeyIdentifier [
- 0000: F5 91 E6 14 EE EF 5F 24 4F AC 6F A6 B8 36 A6 11 ......_$O.o..6..
- 0010: 2B 5C DF 04 +\..
- ]
- ]
- Trust this certificate? [no]: y
- Certificate was added to keystore
keysize
如果加密算法是rsa,key size范围512->16384 bits,并且必须是64的倍数。
如果加密算法是dsa,key size范围512->1024 bits,并且必须是64的倍数。
sigalg
如果加密算法是rsa,签名算法可以是md5withrsa/sha1withrsa/sha256withrsa/sha384withrsa/sha512withrsa
如果加密算法是dsa,签名算法可以是sha1withdsa
如果熟悉Java的socket编程,就会发现使用JSSE进行SSL/TLS编程其实和它很相似。
区别在于ServerSocket对象换成了SSLServerSocket,Socket对象换成了SSLSocket对象。
(二)server端处理流程和代码
处理流程:
1)加载server的keystore文件,需要指定keystore的密码(storepass)。
KeyStore类型有如下三种:
jceks - The proprietary keystore implementation provided by the SunJCE provider.
jks - The proprietary keystore implementation provided by the SUN provider.
pkcs12 - The transfer syntax for personal identity information as defined in PKCS #12.
2)加载server的truststore文件,需要指定truststore的密码(storepass)。
3) 创建KeyManagerFactory对象并用1)中加载的keystore和server密钥对的密码(keypass)来初始化。
4) 创建TrustManagerFactory对象并用2)中加载的truststore来初始化。truststore中存的是client的公钥,不需要keypass也可以访问。
5)创建SSLContext并用3)和4)中创建的KeyManagerFactory和TrustManagerFactory对象来初始化。
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/StandardNames.html#SSLContext
创建SSLContext是需要给出SSLContext Algorithms。上面这个链接中给出了合法的SSLContext Algorithms,有如下可用值。
SSL - Supports some version of SSL; may support other versions
SSLv2 - Supports SSL version 2 or later; may support other versions
SSLv3 - Supports SSL version 3; may support other versions
TLS - Supports some version of TLS; may support other versions
TLSv1 - Supports RFC 2246: TLS version 1.0 ; may support other versions
TLSv1.1 - Supports RFC 4346: TLS version 1.1 ; may support other versions
TLSv1.2 - Supports RFC 5246: TLS version 1.2 ; may support other versions
6)创建SSLServerSocketFactory,在指定的端口上创建SSLServerSocket并设定需要客户端证书:setNeedClientAuth(true)
7)在SSLServerSocket对象上调用accept()方法等待客户端的连接。
客户端连上来之后这个函数会返回一个SSLSocket对象,在这个对象的输入输出流上进行读写。
在这个SSLSocket对象上可以添加一个HandshakeCompletedListener的监听器,SSL/TLS握手结束后这个监听器的handshakeCompleted方法就会被调用。
客户端有三种方法会触发握手:
- 显式调用startHandshake方法/calling startHandshake which explicitly begins handshakes, or
- 在socket对象上进行read或write操作/any attempt to read or write application data on this socket causes an implicit handshake, or
- 在socket对象上调用getSession方法/a call to getSession tries to set up a session if there is no currently valid session, and an implicit handshake is done.
- package learning.net.ssl;
- import java.io.BufferedReader;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.InputStreamReader;
- import java.io.PrintWriter;
- import java.net.Socket;
- import java.security.KeyStore;
- import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
- import javax.net.ssl.HandshakeCompletedEvent;
- import javax.net.ssl.HandshakeCompletedListener;
- import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLServerSocket;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLServerSocketFactory;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocket;
- import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
- public class CatServer implements Runnable, HandshakeCompletedListener {
- public static final int SERVER_PORT = 11123;
- private final Socket _s;
- private String peerCerName;
- public CatServer(Socket s) {
- _s = s;
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- String serverKeyStoreFile = "c:\\_tmp\\catserver.keystore";
- String serverKeyStorePwd = "catserverks";
- String catServerKeyPwd = "catserver";
- String serverTrustKeyStoreFile = "c:\\_tmp\\catservertrust.keystore";
- String serverTrustKeyStorePwd = "catservertrustks";
- KeyStore serverKeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
- serverKeyStore.load(new FileInputStream(serverKeyStoreFile), serverKeyStorePwd.toCharArray());
- KeyStore serverTrustKeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
- serverTrustKeyStore.load(new FileInputStream(serverTrustKeyStoreFile), serverTrustKeyStorePwd.toCharArray());
- KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
- kmf.init(serverKeyStore, catServerKeyPwd.toCharArray());
- TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
- tmf.init(serverTrustKeyStore);
- SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1");
- sslContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
- SSLServerSocketFactory sslServerSocketFactory = sslContext.getServerSocketFactory();
- SSLServerSocket sslServerSocket = (SSLServerSocket) sslServerSocketFactory.createServerSocket(SERVER_PORT);
- sslServerSocket.setNeedClientAuth(true);
- while (true) {
- SSLSocket s = (SSLSocket)sslServerSocket.accept();
- CatServer cs = new CatServer(s);
- s.addHandshakeCompletedListener(cs);
- new Thread(cs).start();
- }
- }
- @Override
- public void run() {
- try {
- BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(_s.getInputStream()));
- PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(_s.getOutputStream(), true);
- writer.println("Welcome~, enter exit to leave.");
- String s;
- while ((s = reader.readLine()) != null && !s.trim().equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
- writer.println("Echo: " + s);
- }
- writer.println("Bye~, " + peerCerName);
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- try {
- _s.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- @Override
- public void handshakeCompleted(HandshakeCompletedEvent event) {
- try {
- X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate) event.getPeerCertificates()[0];
- peerCerName = cert.getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
- } catch (SSLPeerUnverifiedException ex) {
- ex.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
(三)client端处理流程和代码
处理流程:(1~5和server相同)
1)加载client的keystore文件。
2)加载client的truststore文件。
3) 创建KeyManagerFactory对象并初始化。
4) 创建TrustManagerFactory对象并初始化。truststore中存的是server的公钥,不需要keypass也可以访问。
5)创建SSLContext并用3)和4)中创建的KeyManagerFactory和TrustManagerFactory对象来初始化。
6)创建SSLSocketFactory,在指定的网络地址和端口上创建SSLSocket。
7)在这个SSLSocket对象的输入输出流上进行读写。
- package learning.net.ssl;
- import java.io.BufferedReader;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.InputStreamReader;
- import java.io.PrintWriter;
- import java.net.Socket;
- import java.security.KeyStore;
- import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
- import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
- public class FoxClient {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- String clientKeyStoreFile = "c:\\_tmp\\foxclient.keystore";
- String clientKeyStorePwd = "foxclientks";
- String foxclientKeyPwd = "foxclient";
- String clientTrustKeyStoreFile = "c:\\_tmp\\foxclienttrust.keystore";
- String clientTrustKeyStorePwd = "foxclienttrustks";
- KeyStore clientKeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
- clientKeyStore.load(new FileInputStream(clientKeyStoreFile), clientKeyStorePwd.toCharArray());
- KeyStore clientTrustKeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
- clientTrustKeyStore.load(new FileInputStream(clientTrustKeyStoreFile), clientTrustKeyStorePwd.toCharArray());
- KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
- kmf.init(clientKeyStore, foxclientKeyPwd.toCharArray());
- TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
- tmf.init(clientTrustKeyStore);
- SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1");
- sslContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
- SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = sslContext.getSocketFactory();
- Socket socket = socketFactory.createSocket("localhost", CatServer.SERVER_PORT);
- PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);
- BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
- send("hello", out);
- send("exit", out);
- receive(in);
- socket.close();
- }
- public static void send(String s, PrintWriter out) throws IOException {
- System.out.println("Sending: " + s);
- out.println(s);
- }
- public static void receive(BufferedReader in) throws IOException {
- String s;
- while ((s = in.readLine()) != null) {
- System.out.println("Reveived: " + s);
- }
- }
- }
(四)使用Openssl进行证书签名
如果需要对证书进行签名,可以使用keytool生成一个csr(certificate sign request), 然后提交到一个CA进行签名。这里使用openssl提供的CA功能。
1)[openssl]生成CA的RSA私钥。
bash-3.00$ openssl genrsa -out cakey.pem 1024
2)[openssl]使用CA.sh脚本初始化CA。脚本会要求输入刚才生成的私钥文件。
bash-3.00$ CA.sh -newca
CA certificate filename (or enter to create)
cakey.pem
3)[openssl]利用CA私钥生成自签名的CA根证书。
指定x509参数表示要生成自签名的证书。(我们知道证书里面只包含公钥,为什么从私钥可以生成证书呢?这是因为私钥里面包含RSA算法所需的参数,其实可以算出公钥,后面会详细解释)
bash-3.00$ openssl req -new -x509 -key cakey.pem -out ca.cer -config openssl.cnf
(linux上openssl.cnf的路径/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf,可以拷贝一份到当前目录)
4)[keytool]生成server的keystore文件。
C:\Program Files\Java\jre7>keytool -genkey -alias catserver -keyalg rsa -keysize 1024 -sigalg sha256withrsa -keypass catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks
5)[keytool]生成server的csr.
C:\Program Files\Java\jre7>keytool -certreq -alias catserver -file c:\_tmp\catserver.csr -keypass catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks
6) [openssl]对server的csr进行签名得到server证书
bash-3.00$ openssl ca -in catserver.csr -out catserver.cer -cert ca.cer -keyfile cakey.pem -config openssl.cnf
(如果是因为权限问题,不能访问CA的newcerts目录,可以先进行如下操作:
bash-3.00$ mkdir newcerts
bash-3.00$ touch index.txt
bash-3.00$ echo 01 > serial)
7)[keytool]生成client的keystore文件。
C:\Program Files\Java\jre7>keytool -genkey -alias foxclient -keyalg dsa -keysize 512 -sigalg sha1withdsa -keypass foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks
8)[keytool]生成client的csr.
C:\Program Files\Java\jre7>keytool -certreq -alias foxclient -file c:\_tmp\foxclient.csr -keypass foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks
9) [openssl]对client的csr进行签名得到client证书
bash-3.00$ openssl ca -in foxclient.csr -out foxclient.cer -cert ca.cer -keyfile cakey.pem -config openssl.cnf
现在我们有如下文件:
catserver.keystore -- server的keystore文件
catserver.cer -- server证书文件,已经由CA签名。
foxclient.keystore -- client的keystore文件
foxclient.cer -- client证书文件,已经由CA签名。
ca.cer -- CA的证书文件。作为根证书。
接下来我们还需要
10)[keytool]导入ca.cer和catserver.cer到catserver.keystore
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias ca -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks -file c:\_tmp\ca.cer
keytool -import -alias catserver -keypass catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks -file c:\_tmp\catserver.cer
11)[keytool]导入ca.cer和foxclient.cer到foxclient.keystore
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias ca -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks -file c:\_tmp\ca.cer
keytool -import -alias foxclient -keypass foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclient.keystore -storepass foxclientks -file c:\_tmp\foxclient.cer
12)[keytool]创建server的truststore文件并导入ca.cer和foxclient.cer.
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias ca -keystore c:\_tmp\catservertrust.keystore -storepass catservertrustks -file c:\_tmp\ca.cer
keytool -import -alias foxclient -keystore c:\_tmp\catservertrust.keystore -storepass catservertrustks -file c:\_tmp\foxclient.cer
13)[keytool]创建client的truststore文件并导入ca.cer和catserver.cer.
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias ca -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclienttrust.keystore -storepass foxclienttrustks -file c:\_tmp\ca.cer
keytool -import -alias catserver -keystore c:\_tmp\foxclienttrust.keystore -storepass foxclienttrustks -file c:\_tmp\catserver.cer
*前面提到可以从CA的私钥文件生成CA的根证书。证书里面其实包含的是公钥。
其实openssl也提供命令可以直接从私钥cakey.pem生成公钥。
openssl rsa -in cakey.pem -pubout -out caputkey.pem
为什么能够从私钥推导出公钥呢?
这需要了解RSA算法-〉http://blog.csdn.net/fw0124/article/details/41118525
原因很简单,因为私钥中也包含了计算公钥所需的参数n和e。
*可以使用openssl来生成server的证书,步骤如下
openssl genrsa -out catserverkey.pem 1024
openssl req -new -key catserverkey.pem -out catserver.csr -config openssl.cnf
openssl ca -in catserver.csr -out catserver.cer -cert ca.cer -keyfile cakey.pem -config openssl.cnf
=====================================
如果openssl ca ...进行签名的时候碰到
The stateOrProvinceName field needed to be the same in the ...的错误,可以修改openssl.cnf文件:
[ policy_match ]
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
如果遇到
failed to update database
TXT_DB error number 2 的错误,
删除index.txt,并再touch下
如果keytool -import命令导入签名后的证书的时候遇到以下错误
keytool 错误: java.lang.Exception: 无法从回复中建立链
重新导入下ca.cer即可。
keytool -delete -alias ca -keystore c:\_tmp\catserver.keystore -storepass catserverks
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias ca ...