Git（10）git修改历史提交

git rebase -i <command>

<command>有六个：

1、pick

        pick只是意味着包括提交。重新进行命令时，不做任何操作则不改变提交的任何内容及信息；若新安排pick命令之间的顺序则会更改提交的顺序；若选择不包括提交，则应删除整行。

2、reword

        该reword命令与pick相似，使用后将暂停重新设置功能，并为您提供修改提交消息的机会，提交所包括的任何更改均不受影响。

3、edit

        如果您选择edit提交，则将有机会修改提交内容，这意味着可以完全添加或更改提交内容。您还可以进行更多提交，然后再继续进行变基。这使您可以将大型提交拆分为较小的提交，或者删除在提交中所做的错误更改。

4、squash

        该命令使您可以将两个或多个提交合并为一个提交。提交被压缩到其上方的提交中。Git使您有机会编写描述这两个更改的新提交消息。

5、fixup

        这类似于squash，但是要合并的提交已丢弃其消息。提交仅合并到其上方的提交中，并且较早提交的消息用于描述这两个更改。

6、exec

        这使您可以对提交运行任意的Shell命令。

前置工作

# 我们初始化一个项目
git init


## 制造一些提交
touch base.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add base"

touch 1.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add 1"

touch 2.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add 2"

touch 3.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add 3"

touch 4.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add 4"

touch 5.txt
git add .
git commit -m "add 5"


## 查看现在的提交
git log
commit a75ed742838ebc1ef1073502623478f73e1ec21f
Author: 
Date:   Wed Mar 4 10:02:51 2020 +0800

    add 5

commit 8b485bb4768b2abf8f6400dcba069f1a650ed5ec
Author: 
Date:   Wed Mar 4 09:59:27 2020 +0800

    add 4

commit 63ce9fb010da550c668aca66758c45fbfad46e2b
Author:
Date:   Wed Mar 4 09:59:04 2020 +0800

    add 3

commit 9cd34c4d42f52cfb40026dae613c8ad29d7cbc66
Author: 
Date:   Wed Mar 4 09:58:45 2020 +0800

    add 2

commit 77bd0eb1a97e1676367ea236c1c47c155eaa8430
Author: 
Date:   Wed Mar 4 09:58:23 2020 +0800

    add 1

一、使用pick更改提交顺序、删除提交

1、改变提交 5.txt 和 4.txt 的顺序，该怎么操作

        更改涉及到了两次提交，最早提交次数为2（4.txt是倒数第二次提交），改变倒数第2次后的提交

（1）执行命令

git rebase -i HEAD~2

接着，git给你一个文本，告诉你我知道了，你说的这些可以有以下操作下面是执行命令后的样子

pick 8b485bb add 4
pick a75ed74 add 5

# Rebase 63ce9fb..a75ed74 onto 63ce9fb (2 command(s))
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out
~
~
~

解释：我们刚刚执行的命令中 HEAD~2代表选择离HEAD最近的两条提交，下面注释的是提示，我们不需要管，只要专注前两行就ok

（2）把 第一行 和 第二行 交换顺序，变成下面的样子

pick a75ed74 add 5
pick 8b485bb add 4

（3）接着按Esc后输入：wq保存退出，输入命令git log查看，4和5的顺序改变

（4）git push -f 强制推送改变的结果，远程仓库的提交记录中，4和5的顺序也改变了

2、删除 某一个提交，该怎么操作

我们来删除 add 4 的那条提交

（1）执行命令

git rebase -i HEAD~2

出现如下

pick a75ed74 add 5
pick 8b485bb add 4

# Rebase 575fd8b..bb2a77d onto 575fd8b (1 command(s)) 
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out
~
~
~

（2）删除第二行内容，只剩下pick a75ed74 add 5

（3）接着按Esc后输入:wq保存退出，输入命令git log查看，只剩下5、3、2、1的提交记录

（4）git push -f 强制推送改变的结果，远程仓库的提交记录中，也只剩下5、3、2、1的提交记录

二、使用reword修改提交信息（内容保持不变）

修改一下 add 2 的提交消息，该怎么操作

（1）git log 查看 add 2 距离 HEAD 有多少的距离，得：3    注：之前删除了4的提交记录

（2）执行命令

git rebase -i HEAD~3

出现如下

pick 9cd34c4 add 2
pick 63ce9fb add 3
pick 575fd8b add 5

# Rebase 77bd0eb..575fd8b onto 77bd0eb (3 command(s))
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out
~
~
~

（3）只需要修改 第一行 add 2 ，其余保持不变

reword 9cd34c4 add 2
pick 63ce9fb add 3
pick 575fd8b add 5

# Rebase 77bd0eb..575fd8b onto 77bd0eb (3 command(s))
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out
~
~
~

（4）接着按Esc后输入:wq保存退出，会弹出一个编辑窗口

add 2

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Wed Mar 4 09:58:45 2020 +0800
#
# interactive rebase in progress; onto 77bd0eb
# Last command done (1 command done):
#    r 9cd34c4 add 2
# Next commands to do (2 remaining commands):
#    pick 63ce9fb add 3
#    pick 575fd8b add 5
# You are currently editing a commit while rebasing branch 'master' on '77bd0eb'.
#
# Changes to be committed:
#       new file:   2.txt
#

（5）编辑窗口中修改提交信息为    add 2 ~ new comment

（6）接着按Esc后输入:wq保存退出，输入命令git log查看，消息 “add 2” 变为了 “add 2 ~ new comment”

注意：这里只修改了2的提交信息，其他提交没有任何的变动

三、edit修改提交

在 add 3 和 add 5 之间 添加一条提交

（1）执行命令

git rebase -i HEAD~2

出现如下： 

pick 6934312 add 3
pick 5ce6dde add 5

# Rebase 7f9d45d..5ce6dde onto 7f9d45d (2 command(s))
# ....

将pick 6934312 add 3修改为e 6934312 add 3

（2）接着 Esc,:wq 保存退出

$ git rebase -i HEAD~2
Stopped at 6934312135c150bf74bead26e371df1443273ca4... add 3
You can amend the commit now, with

        git commit --amend

Once you are satisfied with your changes, run

        git rebase --continue


xxxxxx MINGW32 ~/Desktop/git-demo (master|REBASE-i 1/2)

（3）可以看到，我们的master分支多了REBASE-i 1/2，我们尝试做一些修改，给3.txt 增加一些内容，然后提交

git add 3.txt
git commit -m "edit 3.txt"

出现如下 ：

[detached HEAD 7262a57] edit 3.txt
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

（4）接着，我们继续 rebase

git rebase --continue

出现如下 ：

Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/master.

（5）输入git log，在 add 5 和 add 3 中间 增加了我们刚刚的修改

文章参考：【git 整理提交】git rebase -i 命令详解_the_power的博客-CSDN博客