matplotlib:彩色映射

在图像处理，尤其是医学图像处理的过程中，我们经常会遇到将灰度图映射成彩色图的情形，如将灰度图根据灰度的高低映射成彩虹色图。这个过程我们通常将之称为伪彩映射，伪彩映射的关键在于找到合适的彩色映射表，即colormap，也称color bar。

前段时间做了一个涉及到伪彩映射的项目，在找colormap的过程中，我发现Python的matplotlib模块中内嵌了一大批常用的colormaps，使用如下代码：

 
 

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     import numpy 
     
     as np
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     import matplotlib.pyplot 
     
     as plt
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     # Have colormaps separated into categories:
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     # http://matplotlib.org/examples/color/colormaps_reference.html
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     cmaps = [(
     
     'Perceptually Uniform Sequential',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
                                 [
     
     'viridis', 
     
     'inferno', 
     
     'plasma', 
     
     'magma']),
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
              (
     
     'Sequential',     [
     
     'Blues', 
     
     'BuGn', 
     
     'BuPu',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'GnBu', 
     
     'Greens', 
     
     'Greys', 
     
     'Oranges', 
     
     'OrRd',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'PuBu', 
     
     'PuBuGn', 
     
     'PuRd', 
     
     'Purples', 
     
     'RdPu',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'Reds', 
     
     'YlGn', 
     
     'YlGnBu', 
     
     'YlOrBr', 
     
     'YlOrRd']),
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
              (
     
     'Sequential (2)', [
     
     'afmhot', 
     
     'autumn', 
     
     'bone', 
     
     'cool',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'copper', 
     
     'gist_heat', 
     
     'gray', 
     
     'hot',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'pink', 
     
     'spring', 
     
     'summer', 
     
     'winter']),
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
              (
     
     'Diverging',      [
     
     'BrBG', 
     
     'bwr', 
     
     'coolwarm', 
     
     'PiYG', 
     
     'PRGn', 
     
     'PuOr',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'RdBu', 
     
     'RdGy', 
     
     'RdYlBu', 
     
     'RdYlGn', 
     
     'Spectral',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'seismic']),
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
              (
     
     'Qualitative',    [
     
     'Accent', 
     
     'Dark2', 
     
     'Paired', 
     
     'Pastel1',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'Pastel2', 
     
     'Set1', 
     
     'Set2', 
     
     'Set3']),
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
              (
     
     'Miscellaneous',  [
     
     'gist_earth', 
     
     'terrain', 
     
     'ocean', 
     
     'gist_stern',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'brg', 
     
     'CMRmap', 
     
     'cubehelix',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'gnuplot', 
     
     'gnuplot2', 
     
     'gist_ncar',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'nipy_spectral', 
     
     'jet', 
     
     'rainbow',
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
                             
     
     'gist_rainbow', 
     
     'hsv', 
     
     'flag', 
     
     'prism'])]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     nrows = max(len(cmap_list) 
     
     for cmap_category, cmap_list 
     
     in cmaps)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     gradient = np.linspace(
     
     0, 
     
     1, 
     
     256)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     gradient = np.vstack((gradient, gradient))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     def plot_color_gradients(cmap_category, cmap_list):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=nrows)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         fig.subplots_adjust(top=
     
     0.95, bottom=
     
     0.01, left=
     
     0.2, right=
     
     0.99)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         axes[
     
     0].set_title(cmap_category + 
     
     ' colormaps', fontsize=
     
     14)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     for ax, name 
     
     in zip(axes, cmap_list):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             ax.imshow(gradient, aspect=
     
     'auto', cmap=plt.get_cmap(name))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             pos = list(ax.get_position().bounds)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             x_text = pos[
     
     0] - 
     
     0.01
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             y_text = pos[
     
     1] + pos[
     
     3]/
     
     2.
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             fig.text(x_text, y_text, name, va=
     
     'center', ha=
     
     'right', fontsize=
     
     10)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     # Turn off *all* ticks & spines, not just the ones with colormaps.
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     for ax 
     
     in axes:
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
             ax.set_axis_off()
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     for cmap_category, cmap_list 
     
     in cmaps:
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         plot_color_gradients(cmap_category, cmap_list)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     plt.show()
    
    
   
   
 
 

我们可以得到matplotlib中内嵌的colormaps（应该是全部，但不是很确定）：

如何获取colormap

如此众多的colormaps，应该能满足我们大部分的需求。当然，我们更关心的是如何将这些colormap中具体的数值导出来，这样使用起来会更加的灵活方便。当然，只要你想做到，是没有什么能够阻拦你的。

以获取最常用的jet映射表为例，我们可以使用如下代码分别获取整型和浮点型的jet map，并将其保存在txt文件中：

 
 

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     from matplotlib 
     
     import cm
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     def get_jet():
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         colormap_int = np.zeros((
     
     256, 
     
     3), np.uint8)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         colormap_float = np.zeros((
     
     256, 
     
     3), np.float)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     for i 
     
     in range(
     
     0, 
     
     256, 
     
     1):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     0] = cm.jet(i)[
     
     0]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     1] = cm.jet(i)[
     
     1]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     2] = cm.jet(i)[
     
     2]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     0] = np.int_(np.round(cm.jet(i)[
     
     0] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     1] = np.int_(np.round(cm.jet(i)[
     
     1] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     2] = np.int_(np.round(cm.jet(i)[
     
     2] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         np.savetxt(
     
     "jet_float.txt", colormap_float, fmt = 
     
     "%f", delimiter = 
     
     ' ', newline = 
     
     '\n')
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         np.savetxt(
     
     "jet_int.txt", colormap_int, fmt = 
     
     "%d", delimiter = 
     
     ' ', newline = 
     
     '\n')
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     print colormap_int
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     return
    
    
   
   
 
 

获取其他种类的colormap与之类似：

 
 

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     def get_spectral():
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         colormap_int = np.zeros((
     
     256, 
     
     3), np.uint8)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         colormap_float = np.zeros((
     
     256, 
     
     3), np.float)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     for i 
     
     in range(
     
     0, 
     
     256, 
     
     1):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     0] = cm.spectral(i)[
     
     0]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     1] = cm.spectral(i)[
     
     1]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_float[i, 
     
     2] = cm.spectral(i)[
     
     2]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     0] = np.int_(np.round(cm.spectral(i)[
     
     0] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     1] = np.int_(np.round(cm.spectral(i)[
     
     1] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
            colormap_int[i, 
     
     2] = np.int_(np.round(cm.spectral(i)[
     
     2] * 
     
     255.0))
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         np.savetxt(
     
     "spectral_float.txt", colormap_float, fmt = 
     
     "%f", delimiter = 
     
     ' ', newline = 
     
     '\n')
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         np.savetxt(
     
     "spectral_int.txt", colormap_int, fmt = 
     
     "%d", delimiter = 
     
     ' ', newline = 
     
     '\n')
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     print colormap_int
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     return
    
    
   
   
 
 

当然，我们也可以根据需要对获得的colormap中的值进行调整。当我们获得心仪的colormap之后，伪彩映射就成了水到渠成的事情了。

下面是用Python写的伪彩映射的代码：

 
 

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     def gray2color(gray_array, color_map):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         rows, cols = gray_array.shape
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         color_array = np.zeros((rows, cols, 
     
     3), np.uint8)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     for i in range(
     
     0, rows):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
        
     
     for j in range(
     
     0, cols):
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
                 color_array[i, j] = color_map[gray_array[i, j]]
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         #color_image = Image.fromarray(color_array)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     return color_array
    
    
   
   
 
 

 
 

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
     def test_gray2color():
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         gray_image = Image.open(
     
     'Image.png').convert(
     
     "L")
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         gray_array = np.array(gray_image)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         figure()
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         subplot(
     
     211)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         plt.imshow(gray_array, cmap = 
     
     'gray')
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         jet_map = np.loadtxt(
     
     'E:\\Development\\Thermal\\ColorMaps\\jet_int.txt', dtype = np.int)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         color_jet = gray2color(gray_array, jet_map)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         subplot(
     
     212)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         plt.imshow(color_jet)
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    

     
         show()
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
 
    
    
   
   

   
   

    
    

   
   
   
   

    
    
    
     
     return
    
    
   
   
 
 

这一篇先就介绍到这里，后面一篇将向大伙介绍如何使用python生成自定义的colormap。