0505习题-定积分

1 定积分总结

定积分思维导图如下1-1所示，文件在末尾仓库中自取。

2 练习

例1 设在区间$[a,b]$上，$f(x)>0,f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)<0,f^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(x)>0，记S_1={\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx,S_2=f(b)(b-a),S_3=\frac{1}{2}[f(b)+f(a)](b-a)$,则

$（A)S_1<S_2<S_3(B)S_2<S_1<S_3(C)S_3<S_1<S_2(D)S_2<S_3<S_1$

分析含有定积分，区间断点比较大小，直观方式就是根据其几何意义来判断：

• $f(x)>0$图像在x轴上方；$f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)<0$,函数单减；$f^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(x)>0$,函数凹函数；

图像如下2-1所示：

$S_2为红线与x=a,x=b,x轴围成的面积，S_1为绿线与其他三边围成的面积，S_3为蓝线与其他三边围成的面积，\therefore S_2<S_1<S_3$

例2 求$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+2}}+\cdots +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}})$

分析：形式数列求和的极限；区间$[0,1]的定积分{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(\frac{i}{n})\frac{1}{n}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+2}}+\cdots +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}})=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(\frac{i}{n}{)}^2}}\frac{1}{n}={\int }_0^1\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \\ =\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2}){|}_0^1=\ln (1+\sqrt{2}) \end{gathered}$$
例3 已知$f(x)=x-2{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx,求{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx及f(x)$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：设{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx=A,则 \\ f(x)=x-2A,{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx=(\frac{1}{2}{x}^2-2Ax){|}_0^1=\frac{1}{2}-2A=A \\ A=\frac{1}{6},f(x)=x+\frac{1}{6} \end{gathered}$$

例4 设$I={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\ln \sin xdx,J={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\ln \cot xdx,K={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\ln \cos xdx,则I，J，K的大小关系是（）$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：当x\in [0,\frac{\pi }{4}]时，\sin x\le \cos x\le \cot x \\ \because \ln x为单增函数所以\ln \sin x\le \ln \cos x\le \ln \cot x \\ 根据性质4推论1有I<K<J \end{gathered}$$
例5 求由方程$x+y^2+{\int }_0^1\arctan xdx={\int }_0^{y-x}{\sin }^{2}tdt$​ 所确定的导数$\frac{dy}{dx}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：隐函数求导，上式两边对x求导 \\ 1+2y{y}^{{}^{\prime }}+0={\sin }^2(y-x)(y^{{}^{\prime }}-1) \\ \frac{dy}{dx}=y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{{\sin }^2(y-x)+1}{{\sin }^2(y-x)-2y} \end{gathered}$$
例6 求$\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{{\int }_0^{{\sin }^{2}x}\ln (1+t)dt}{\sqrt{1+x^4}-1}$​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：上式为带积分上限函数的\frac{0}{0}型未定式，考虑使用洛必达法则 \\ x\to 0时，(1+x{)}^{\alpha }-1\backsim \alpha x,\ln (1+x)\backsim x \\ \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{{\int }_0^{{\sin }^{2}x}\ln (1+t)dt}{\sqrt{1+x^4}-1}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^{{\sin }^{2}x}\ln (1+t)dt}{(\frac{1}{2}{x}^4{)}^{{}^{\prime }}}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\ln (1+{\sin }^{2}x)2\sin x\cos x}{2x^3} \\ =\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{2{\sin }^{3}x\cos x}{2x^3}=1 \end{gathered}$$
例7 求${\int }_{-2}^2\frac{x+|x|}{2+x^2}dx$

分析：对称区间，考虑奇偶性
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_{-2}^2\frac{x+|x|}{2+x^2}dx={\int }_{-2}^2\frac{x}{2+x^2}dx+{\int }_{-2}^2\frac{|x|}{2+x^2}dx=0+2{\int }_0^2\frac{x}{2+x^2}dx \\ =\ln (2+x^2){|}_0^2=\ln 3 \end{gathered}$$
例8 设函数$f(x),g(x)在区间[-a,a]上连续，g(x)为偶函数，f(x)满足f(x)+f(-x)=C,C为常数$

（1）证明${\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)g(x)dx=C{\int }_0^{a}g(x)dx$

（2）利用上述结果，求$I={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{4}x\cdot \ln (x+\sqrt{4+x^2})dx$
$$\begin{gathered} （1）证明：已知{\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx={\int }_0^a[f(x)+f(-x)]dx,g(x)=g(-x)则 \\ {\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)g(x)dx={\int }_0^a[f(x)g(x)+f(-x)g(-x)]dx={\int }_0^a[f(x)+f(-x)]g(x)dx \\ =C{\int }_0^{a}g(x)dx（2）解：令g(x)=\ln (x+\sqrt{4+x^2}),f(x)={\cos }^{4}x,则 \\ f(x)+f(-x)=\ln (x+\sqrt{4+x^2)})+\ln (-x+\sqrt{4+x^2})=ln4 \\ I=\ln 4{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{4}xdx=\ln 4\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}=\frac{3\pi }{8}\ln 2 \end{gathered}$$
例9 求$I={\int }_0^{98\pi }\sqrt{1-\cos 2x}dx$​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：I={\int }_0^{98\pi }\sqrt{1-\cos 2x}dx={\int }_0^{98\pi }\sqrt{2}|\sin x|dx \\ |\sin x|周期为\pi \\ \therefore I=98\sqrt{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\sin xdx=-98\sqrt{2}\cos x{|}_0^{\pi }=196\sqrt{2} \end{gathered}$$
例10 求设
$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{1+x},x\ge 0\\ \frac{1}{1+e^x},x<0\end{array}$$
求${\int }_0^{2}f(x-1)dx$

• 分析定积分积分变量为x-1而给定的是关于x的表达式，所以需要进行变量替换

$$\begin{gathered} 解：令x-1=t,dx=dt \\ {\int }_0^{2}f(x-1)dx={\int }_{-1}^{1}f(t)dt \\ 定积分和积分变量无关, \\ \therefore {\int }_{-1}^{1}f(x)dx={\int }_{-1}^{0}f(x)dx+{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx \\ ={\int }_{-1}^0\frac{1}{1+e^x}dx+{\int }_0^1\frac{1}{1+x}dx \\ =1-{\int }_{-1}^0\frac{e^x}{1+e^x}dx+\ln (1+x){|}_0^1 \\ =1-\ln (1+e^x){|}_{-1}^0+\ln 2=\ln (e+1) \end{gathered}$$

例11 已知$f(2)=\frac{1}{2},f^{{}^{\prime }}(2)=0,{\int }_0^{2}f(x)dx=1,求{\int }_0^1{x}^2{f}^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(2x)dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令2x=t,dx=\frac{1}{2}dt \\ {\int }_0^1{x}^2{f}^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(2x)dx=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_0^2(\frac{1}{2}t{)}^2{f}^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(t)dt=\frac{1}{8}{\int }_0^2{x}^{2}d{f}^{{}^{\prime }}(x) \\ =[\frac{1}{8}{x}^2{f}^{{}^{\prime }}(x)]{|}_0^2-\frac{1}{4}{\int }_0^{2}xdf(x) \\ =-\frac{1}{4}xf(x){|}_0^2+\frac{1}{4}{\int }_0^{2}f(x)dx=-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}=0 \end{gathered}$$
例12 计算反常积分$I={\int }_1^{+\infty }\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{1+x^5+x^{10}}}dx$​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令x=\frac{1}{t},dt=-\frac{1}{t^2} \\ {\int }_1^{+\infty }\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{1+x^5+x^{10}}}=-{\int }_1^0\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{t}\sqrt{1+(\frac{1}{t}{)}^5+(\frac{1}{t}{)}^{10}}}dt \\ =\frac{1}{5}{\int }_0^1\frac{1}{(t^5+\frac{1}{2}{)}^2+\frac{3}{4}}d(t^5+\frac{1}{2}) \\ =[\frac{1}{5}\ln (t^5+\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{t^{1}0+t^5+1})]{|}_0^1=\frac{1}{5}\ln (3+2\sqrt{3}) \end{gathered}$$
例13 设f(x)在区间[0,1]上可微，且满足$f(1)=2{\int }_0^{\frac{1}{2}}xf(x)dx$,试证明在$(0,1)$内至少存在一点$\xi ,使f(\xi )+\xi f^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )=0$
$$\begin{gathered} 证明：令F(x)=xf(x),f(x)在[0,1]上可微，则F(x)在[0,1]上连续，在(0,1)可导 \\ \because F(1)=f(1)=2{\int }_0^{\frac{1}{2}}xf(x)dx,根据定积分中值定理有 \\ \exists \xi \in [0,\frac{1}{2}],使得 \\ 2{\int }_0^{\frac{1}{2}}xf(x)dx=2\cdot \theta f(\theta )(\frac{1}{2}-0)=\theta f(\theta )=F(\theta ) \\ 即\exists \theta \in [0,\frac{1}{2}]\subset (0,1),使得F(1)=F(\theta ),根据罗尔定理有 \\ \exists \xi \in (0,1)使得F^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )=0,即 \\ f(\xi )+\xi f^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )=0 \end{gathered}$$

例14 设$f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)在[0,a]$上连续，且$f(0)=0$。证明：$|{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx|\le \frac{M{a}^2}{2},其中M=max|f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)|,0\le x\le a$
$$\begin{gathered} 证明：[0,a]上，根据拉格朗日中值定理有 \\ f(x)-f(0)=f^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )(x-0)(\xi \in (0,a)),即 \\ f(x)=f^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )x \\ |{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx|\le {\int }_0^a|f(x)|dx\le {\int }_0^{a}Mxdx \\ =\frac{1}{2}M{x}^2{|}_0^a=\frac{M{a}^2}{2} \\ \therefore |{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx|\le \frac{M{a}^2}{2} \end{gathered}$$

结语

❓QQ:806797785

⭐️文档笔记地址：https://gitee.com/gaogzhen/math

参考：

[1]同济大学数学系.高等数学 第七版 上册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.7.p224-269.

[2]同济七版《高等数学》全程教学视频[CP/OL].2020-04-16.p37.