JavaScript 和 Python 的语法对比

1. Variables

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	var, let, const	No specific keyword, just assignment
Scope	Function scope (var), block scope (let, const)	Block scope (indented code block)
Hoisting	Variables declared with var are hoisted	No hoisting
Constants	const	CONSTANT_NAME convention, no true constant

2. Data Types

Type	JavaScript	Python
Primitives	Number, String, Boolean, undefined, null, Symbol	int, float, str, bool, None
Objects	Object, Array, Function, Date, etc.	Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries, etc.
Type Checking	typeof operator	type() function

3. Numbers

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Types	One number type (floating-point)	int, float
Precision	Double precision floating-point	Arbitrary precision for int, double precision for float
Special Values	NaN, Infinity	math.nan, math.inf
Integer Division	Always floating-point	Integer division with //, floating-point with /

4. Casting

Operation	JavaScript	Python
String to Number	Number("3.14")	float("3.14") or int("3")
Number to String	String(3.14)	str(3.14)
Boolean Conversion	Boolean(value)	bool(value)

5. Operators

In JavaScript, ** is available in ECMAScript 2016 (ES7).

Operator Type	JavaScript	Python
Arithmetic	+, -, *, /, %, **	Same, // for integer division
Comparison	==, ===, !=, !==, <, >, <=, >=	==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
Logical	&&, ||, !	and, or, not
Ternary	condition ? true : false	true if condition else false

6. Lists

In JavaScript, these are called Arrays.

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	let arr = [1, 2, 3];	lst = [1, 2, 3]
Access	arr[0]	lst[0]
Size	arr.length	len(lst)
Add Element	arr.push(4)	lst.append(4)
Remove Element	arr.pop()	lst.pop()
Iteration	arr.forEach((item) => {...})	for item in lst: ...

7. Tuples

Tuples do not exist as such in JavaScript.

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	-	tup = (1, 2, 3)
Immutability	-	Immutable
Access	-	tup[0]
Size	-	len(tup)

8. Sets

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	let set = new Set();	st = set()
Add Element	set.add(value)	st.add(value)
Remove Element	set.delete(value)	st.discard(value)
Contains	set.has(value)	value in st
Size	set.size	len(st)
Iteration	set.forEach((value) => {...})	for value in st: ...

9. Dictionaries

In JavaScript, these are similar to Objects.

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	let obj = {key: 'value'};	dict = {'key': 'value'}
Access	obj['key'] or obj.key	dict['key']or dict.get('key')
Add/Update	obj['newKey'] = 'newValue';	dict['newKey'] = 'newValue'
Remove	delete obj['key'];	del dict['key']
Keys	Object.keys(obj)	dict.keys()
Values	Object.values(obj)	dict.values()
Iteration	for (let key in obj) {...}	for key in dict: ...

10. If…Else, while, for

Control Structure	JavaScript	Python
If…Else	if (condition) {...} else {...}	if condition: ... else: ...
While	while (condition) {...}	while condition: ...
For	for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {...}	for i in range(length): ...
For-Each	array.forEach((item) => {...})	for item in iterable: ...

11. Functions

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	function functionName(args) {...} or const functionName = (args) => {...}	def function_name(args): ...
Return	return value;	return value
Default Parameters	function(a, b = 1) {...}	def func(a, b=1): ...
Anonymous Functions	Arrow functions (args) => { ... }	-

12. Classes

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Declaration	class ClassName {...}	class ClassName: ...
Constructor	constructor(args) {...}	def __init__(self, args): ...
Inheritance	class Derived extends Base {...}	class Derived(Base): ...
Methods	Inside class block methodName(args) {...}	Indentation-based def method_name(self, args): ...

13. Error Handling

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Try-Catch	try {...} catch (error) {...}	try: ... except Exception as error: ...
Throw Error	throw new Error('message');	raise Exception('message')
Custom Error Types	Extend Error class	Extend Exception class

14. Miscellaneous

Feature	JavaScript	Python
Modules	Import with import or require	import module or from module import name
Async/Await	Asynchronous programming with async/await	Asynchronous programming with async/await
File I/O	File operations with Node.js fs module	File operations with open function
List Comprehension	Not available directly	[expression for item in list if condition]