strlen/strcpy...等string.h(csting)中的常用函数

strlen

 #include <cstring>
  size_t strlen( char *str );
The strlen() function returns the length of str (determined by the number of characters before null termination).
说明:返回s的长度,不包括结束符NULL。

strcmp 

#include <cstring>
  int strcmp( const char *str1, const char *str2 );
The function strcmp() compares str1 and str2, then returns:
Return value Explanation 
less than 0 ''str1'' is less than ''str2'' 
equal to 0 ''str1'' is equal to ''str2'' 
greater than 0 ''str1'' is greater than ''str2'' 
For example:
  printf( "Enter your name: " );
   scanf( "%s", name );
   if( strcmp( name, "Mary" ) == 0 )
 {
     printf( "Hello, Dr. Mary!\n" );
   }        
Note that if str1 or str2 are missing a null-termination character, then strcmp() may not produce valid results. 
即:两个字符串自左向右逐个字符相比(按ASCII值大小相比较),直到出现不同的字符或遇'\0'为止。
特别注意:strcmp(const char *s1,const char * s2)这里面只能比较字符串,不能比较数字等其他形式的参数。

strncmp 

  #include <cstring>
  int strncmp( const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t count );
The strncmp() function compares at most count characters of str1 and str2. The return value is as follows:
Return value Explanation 
less than 0 ''str1'' is less than ''str2'' 
equal to 0 ''str1'' is equal to ''str2'' 
greater than 0 ''str1'' is greater than str2'' 
If there are less than count characters in either string, then the comparison will stop after the first null termination is encountered.
说明:此函数功能即比较字符串str1和str2的前count个字符。如果前count字节完全相等,返回值就=0;在前count字节比较过程中,如果出现str1[n]与str2[n]不等,则返回(str1[n]-str2[n])。

strcpy

  #include <cstring>
  char *strcpy( char *to, const char *from );
The strcpy() function copies characters in the string from to the string to, including the null termination. The return value is to.
Note that strcpy() does not perform bounds checking, and thus risks overrunning from or to. 
功能:把从src地址开始且含有NULL结束符的字符串赋值到以dest开始的地址空间
说明:src和dest所指内存区域不可以重叠且dest必须有足够的空间来容纳src的字符串。返回指向dest的指针。
strcpy的实现代码
char * strcpy(char * strDest,const char * strSrc)
{
char * strDestCopy=strDest; //备份原始目的地址,返回用.
if ((strDest==NULL)||(strSrc==NULL)) //判断参数是否合法
throw "Invalid argument(s)"; //抛出异常
while ((*strDest++=*strSrc++)!='\0'); //完成复制.
return strDestCopy;
}

strncpy 

  #include <cstring>
  char *strncpy( char *to, const char *from, size_t count );
The strncpy() function copies at most count characters of from to the string to. If from has less than count characters, the remainder is padded with '\0' characters. The return value is the resulting string.
char * strncpy(char *dest, char *src, size_t n);
说明
1)src串长度<=dest串长度,(这里的串长度包含串尾NULL字符)
如果n=(0, src串长度),src的前n个字符复制到dest中。但是由于没有NULL字符,所以直接访问dest串会发生栈溢出的异常情况。
如果n = src串长度,与strcpy一致。
如果n = dest串长度,[0,src串长度]处存放于desk字串,(src串长度, dest串长度]处存放NULL。
2)src串长度>dest串长度
如果n =dest串长度,则dest串没有NULL字符,会导致输出会有乱码。如果不考虑src串复制完整性,可以将dest最后一字符置为NULL。
综上,一般情况下,使用strncpy时,建议将n置为dest串长度(除非你将多个src串都复制到dest数组,并且从dest尾部反向操作),复制完毕后,为保险起见,将dest串最后一字符置NULL,避免发生在第2)种情况下的输出乱码问题。当然喽,无论是strcpy还是strncpy,保证src串长度<dest串长度才是最重要的。

memcpy  

  #include <cstring>
  void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);
The function memcpy() copies count characters from the array src to the array dest. The return value of memcpy() is dest. The behavior of memcpy() is undefined if dest and src overlap.
从源src所指的内存地址的起始位置开始拷贝n个字节到目标dest所指的内存地址的起始位置中
strncpy和memcpy复制的内容不同。strncpy只能复制字符串,而memcpy可以复制任意内容,例如字符数组、整型、结构体、类等。
//注意,source和destin都不一定是数组,任意的可读写的空间均可。---wk

更多

下面为string.h文件中函数的详细用法,附加实例:

1、strcpy

函数名: strcpy
功 能: 拷贝一个字符串到另一个
用 法: char *strcpy(char *destin, char *source);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strcpy(string, str1);  printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}

2.strncpy

函数名:strncpy
原型:char * strncpy(char *dest, char *src, size_t n);
功能:将字符串src中最多n个字符复制到字符数组dest中(它并不像strcpy一样遇到NULL才停止复制,而是等凑够n个字符才开始复制),返回指向dest的指针。

3、strcat

函数名: strcat
功 能: 字符串拼接函数
用 法: char *strcat(char *destin, char *source);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char destination[25];
char *blank = " ", *c = "C++", *Borland = "Borland";
strcpy(destination, Borland);
strcat(destination, blank);
strcat(destination, c);
printf("%s\n", destination);
return 0;
}

4、strchr

函数名: strchr
功 能: 在一个串中查找给定字符的第一个匹配之处\
用 法: char *strchr(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[15];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-string);
else
printf("The character was not found\n");
return 0;
}

5、strcmp

函数名: strcmp
功 能: 串比较
用 法: int strcmp(char *str1, char *str2);
看Asic码,str1>str2,返回值 > 0;两串相等,返回0
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaa", *buf2 = "bbb", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n");
return 0;
}

6、strnicmp

函数名: strnicmp
功 能: 将一个串中的一部分与另一个串比较, 不管大小写
用 法: int strnicmp(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = strnicmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}

7、strlen

函数名:strlen
功能: strle函数求的是字符串的长度,它求得方法是从字符串的首地址开始到遇到第一个'\0'停止计数,如果你只定义没有给它赋初值,这个结果是不定的,它会从字符串首地址一直记下去,直到遇到'\0'才会停止。
原型: size_t strlen(conset char *s);
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
int i=0;
char *he ="Hello,world";
i=strlen(he);
printf("字符串长度为%d\n",i);
return 0;
} //
运行结果:
字符串长度为11

8、strcspn

函数名: strcspn
功 能: 在串中查找第一个给定字符集内容的段
用 法: int strcspn(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "747DC8";
int length;
length = strcspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings intersect is at position %d\n", length);
return 0;
}

9、strdup

函数名: strdup
功 能: 将串拷贝到新建的位置处
用 法: char *strdup(char *str);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *dup_str, *string = "abcde";
dup_str = strdup(string);
printf("%s\n", dup_str);
free(dup_str);
return 0;
}

10、stricmp

函数名:stricmp
功 能: 以大小写不敏感方式比较两个串
用 法: int stricmp(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = stricmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}

11、strerror

函数名: strerror
功 能: 返回指向错误信息字符串的指针
用 法: char *strerror(int errnum);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buffer;
buffer = strerror(errno);
printf("Error: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}

12、strcmpi

函数名: strcmpi
功 能: 将一个串与另一个比较, 不管大小写
用 法: int strcmpi(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmpi(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}

13.strncmp

函数名: strncmp
功 能: 串比较
用 法: int strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaabbb", *buf2 = "bbbccc", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf1,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf3,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n");
return(0);
}

14、strncpy

函数名:strncpy
功 能: 串拷贝
用 法: char *strncpy(char *destin, char *source, int maxlen);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strncpy(string, str1, 3);
string[3] = '\0';
printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}

15、strnicmp

函数名: strnicmp
功 能: 不注重大小写地比较两个串
用 法: int strnicmp(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strnicmp(buf2, buf1, 3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}

16、strnset

函数名: strnset
功 能: 将一个字符串前n个字符都设为指定字符
用 法: char *strnset(char *str, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char letter = 'x';
printf("string before strnset: %s\n", string);
strnset(string, letter, 13);
printf("string after strnset: %s\n", string);
return 0;
}

17、strpbrk

函数名: strpbrk
功 能: 在串中查找给定字符集中的字符
用 法: char *strpbrk(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char *string2 = "onm";
char *ptr;
ptr = strpbrk(string1, string2);
if (ptr)
printf("strpbrk found first character: %c\n", *ptr);
else
printf("strpbrk didn't find character in set\n");
return 0;
}

18、strrchr

函数名: strrchr
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符的最后一个出现
用 法: char *strrchr(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[15];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strrchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-string);
else
printf("The character was not found\n");
return 0;
}

19、strrev

函数名: strrev
功 能: 串倒转
用 法: char *strrev(char *str);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *forward = "string";
printf("Before strrev(): %s\n", forward);
strrev(forward);
printf("After strrev(): %s\n", forward);
return 0;
}

20、strset

函数名: strset
功 能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
用 法: char *strset(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10] = "123456789";
char symbol = 'c';
printf("Before strset(): %s\n", string);
strset(string, symbol);
printf("After strset(): %s\n", string);
return 0;
}

21、strspn

函数名:strspn
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符集的子集的第一次出现
用 法: int strspn(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "123DC8";
int length;
length = strspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings differ is at position %d\n", length);
return 0;
}

22、strstr

函数名: strstr
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符串的第一次出现
用 法: char *strstr(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str1 = "Borland International", *str2 = "nation", *ptr;
ptr = strstr(str1, str2);
printf("The substring is: %s\n", ptr);
return 0;
}

23、strtod

函数名: strtod
功 能: 将字符串转换为double型值
用 法: double strtod(char *str, char **endptr);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[80], *endptr;
double value;
printf("Enter a floating point number:");
gets(input);
value = strtod(input, &endptr);
printf("The string is %s the number is %lf\n", input, value);
return 0;
}

24、strtok

函数名: strtok
功 能: 查找由在第二个串中指定的分界符分隔开的单词
用 法: char *strtok(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[16] = "abc,d";
char *p;
/* strtok places a NULL terminator
in front of the token, if found */
p = strtok(input, ",");
if (p) printf("%s\n", p);
/* A second call to strtok using a NULL
as the first parameter returns a pointer
to the character following the token */
p = strtok(NULL, ",");
if (p) printf("%s\n", p);
return 0;
}

25、strtol

函数名: strtol
功 能: 将串转换为长整数
用 法: long strtol(char *str, char **endptr, int base);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "87654321", *endptr;
long lnumber;
/* strtol converts string to long integer */
lnumber = strtol(string, &endptr, 10);
printf("string = %s long = %ld\n", string, lnumber);
return 0;
}

26、strupr

函数名:strupr
功 能: 将串中的小写字母转换为大写字母
用 法: char *strupr(char *str);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[ ] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", *ptr;//定义为数组才能修改
/* converts string to upper case characters */
ptr = strupr(string);
printf("%s\n", ptr);
return 0;
}

27、swab

函数名: swab
功 能: 交换字节
用 法: void swab (char *from, char *to, int nbytes);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char source[15] = "rFna koBlrna d";
char target[15];
int main(void)
{
swab(source, target, strlen(source));
printf("This is target: %s\n", target);
return 0;
}

参考:[百度百科]
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1728868.htm
http://baike.baidu.com/view/736225.htm
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