【转载】5G主要网元

原文 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/372841229
参考 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5g-network-architecture/

5G核心网主要包括的网元有AMF、SMF和UPF，目前UPF一般放在需求方，及在地市或县城，AMF和SMF一般集中在省公司。各网元之间的接口如下：

AMF（Access and Mobility management Function 接入和移动性管理功能）支持具有不同移动性管理需求的UE。它执行以下主要任务：

• 非接入层（NAS）信令终端；
• NAS信令安全；
• 接入层安全控制；
• 用于3GPP接入网之间移动性的核心网节点间信令；
• 空闲模式UE可达性（包括寻呼重传的控制和执行）；
• 注册区管理；
• 支持系统内和系统间的移动性；
• 接入认证；
• 访问授权，包括漫游权限检查；
• 移动性管理控制（订阅和策略）；
• 支持网络切片；
• SMF选择。

SMF（Session Management Function 会话管理功能）可以与AMF一起支持定制的移动性管理方案，如“仅限移动启动的连接”（MICO：Mobile Initiated Connection Only）或RAN增强功能，如“RRC Inactive”状态。它执行以下主要任务：

• 会话管理；
• UE IP地址分配与管理；
• UPF的选择与控制；
• 在UPF配置流量控制，将流量路由到适当的目的地；
• 策略执行和QoS控制部分；
• 下行数据通知。

UPF（User Plane Function 用户面功能）执行以下主要任务：

• 系统内和系统间移动的锚点；
• 连接到数据网络的外部PDU会话点；
• 分组路由和转发；
• 包检查和用户面策略规则执行部分；
• 流量使用报告；
• 上行链路分类器，用于支持将业务流路由到数据网络；
• 支持多宿主PDU会话的分支点；
• 用于用户面的QoS处理，例如包过滤、选通、上下行速率实施；
• 上行链路业务验证（SDF to QoS流映射）；
• 下行分组缓冲和下行数据通知触发。

其他主要网络功能包括：

• “网络存储库功能”（NRF：Network Repository Function）：它为NF服务管理提供支持，包括注册、注销、授权和发现。
• “网络公开功能”（NEF：Network Exposure Function）：提供网络功能能力的外部公开。外部暴露可分为监控能力、供应能力、流量路由的应用影响和策略/计费能力。
• ​“统一数据管理”（UDM：Unified Data Management）：5GC支持用于计算和存储分离的数据存储体系结构。统一数据存储库（UDR：Unified Data Repository ）是主数据库。引入非结构化数据存储函数（UDSF：Unstructured Data Storage Function）来存储动态数据。

The fifth generation mobile network is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks delivering up to 20 Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and 100+ Megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates. 5G will use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) encoding bonded up to between 100 and 800 MHz channels.

The evolution of the mobile world is not all that 5G is, therefore the breadth of 5G extends beyond mobile communication to address all forms of communication services; in fact, it is truly supporting the future of the digital world by enabling all types of services, including critical/non-critical, voice/non-voice, and IoT. Promoting economic change across all sectors and utilizing all diverse technologies ( WiFi, 4G, and new radio technologies).

5G Architecture:
 

5G Architecture Diagram

In service-based or reference point representation, the interaction between network operations is depicted. Service-based is how the 5G architecture is described.

One form of capability made available by an NF (NF Service Producer) to other authorized NF (NF Service Consumers) through a service-based interface is a network function service. One form of capability made available by an NF (NF Service Producer) to other authorized NF (NF Service Consumers) through a service-based interface is a network function service.

Network functions may expose one or more services, which means that a producer may give one or more consumers access to a service-based interface. It consists of a number of services, each of which is composed of a number of procedures in the manner of NNRF MANAGEMENT, NBSF MANAGEMENT, etc.

Difference between 4G and 5G Network Architecture:

	4G Network	5G Network
1.	Fourth-generation network.	It is fifth generation network
2.	It has a maximum download speed of 1 Gbps.	It has a maximum download speed of 2.5 Gbps.
3.	It has a maximum upload speed of 500 Mbps.	It has a maximum upload speed of 1.25Gbps
4.	4G network architecture uses traditional RAN(radio access network) which are complex and requires costly infrastructure and has less/limited efficiency.	5G network architecture will be using C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) for better and ultra-fast internet.
5.	4G uses modulation techniques like QAM (Quadrature Amplitude modulation) and QPSK (Quadrature Phase shift keying).	5G is said to be using the Amplitude Phase-Shift Keying technique.

Functions of 5G network:

1. NRF(Network Repository Function): All of the 5G network functions (NFs) in the operator’s network are stored centrally in the Network Repository Function (NRF). The NRF provides a standards-based API that enables 5G NFs to register and find one another. A crucial element needed to execute the new service-based architecture (SBA) in the 5G core is NRF.
2. PCF (Policy Control Function): Policy Control Function makes it simple to develop and implement policies in a 5G network. PCF will help you monetize and reap the rewards of 5G because it was created and designed using cloud-native principles to address the demands of 5G services.
3. BSF (Binding Support Function): The Session Binding Function on the Diameter Routing Agent (DRA) used in 4G is comparable to the 5G Binding Support Function (BSF). When numerous Policy Control Function (PCF) systems are installed in the network, it becomes a necessary necessity.
4. SCP (Service Communication Proxy): By granting routing control, resiliency, and observability to the core network, Service Communication Proxy (SCP) enable operators to securely and effectively operate their 5G network. To address many of the issues brought on by the new service-based architecture (SBA) in the 5G core, SCP makes advantage of IT service mesh (ISTIO) and adds crucial capabilities to make it 5G-aware.
5. NSSF (Network Slicing Selection Function): In the 5G environment, where a variety of services are offered, the NSSF (Network Slicing Selection Function) system is a solution to choose the best network slice available for the service requested by the user.
6. UDM (Unified Data Management)& UDR (User Data Repository): UDM is cloud-native and created for 5G, similar to Home Subscriber Server (HSS) in LTE. It is in charge of creating the credentials needed for authentication, granting access depending on user subscription, and sending those credentials to the other network functions. It retrieves the credentials from the User Data Repository (UDR). Different key 5G features are supported by the UDM network function. In order to complete the authentication process, it creates authentication credentials. Based on user subscriptions, it approves network access and roaming.
7. AUSF (Authentication Server Function): 5G authentication and Key Agreement method 5G AKA are carried out via the authentication server function. In order to manage hidden or privacy-protected subscription identifiers, AUSF also provides additional functionality. During the registration process, AMF(Access and Mobility Function) is in charge of choosing the proper Authentication Server Function (AUSF).
8. NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function): The 5G Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) is intended to improve the end-user experience by streamlining the production and consumption of key network data as well as generating insights and taking appropriate action. By expediting the production and consumption of core network data, creating insights, and acting on these insights, NWDAF is intended to address market fragmentation and proprietary solutions in the field of network analytics.

5G Core Network:

The 5G core network is the heart of 5G networking, it provides secure and reliable connectivity to the internet and access to all of the networking services. 5G core network has numerous essential functions for mobile networking like mobile management, subscriber data management, authorization, authentication policy management, etc. 

The 5G core network is completely software-based and native to the cloud, it allows higher deployment agility and has flexibility and infrastructure which is similar to the cloud. Industry experts designed the 5G core to support the network functioning of the 5G network. Therefore, the 3GPP standard was developed which was named 5G core, it has the power to control and manage network functions. 

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