Python 函数相关

'''
函数是带名字的代码块，用于完成具体的工作。
要执行函数定义的特定任务，可调用该函数。
需要在程序中多次执行同一项任务时，你无需反复编写完成该任务的代码，而只需调用执行该任务的函数，让Python运行 其中的代码。
你将发现，通过使用函数，程序的编写、阅读、测试和修复都将更容易。
'''
#一个简单的函数
def greet_user():
    print('Hello !')

#函数的调用，函数不调用，是不会执行的。
greet_user()
#输出：Hello !



#向函数传递参数
def greet_user1(username):
    print('Hello ' + username + ' !')

#带参函数的调用
user_name = input('what is your name :')#输入XiaoMing
greet_user1(user_name)
'''
what is your name :XiaoMing
Hello XiaoMing !
'''




#函数需要多个参数时，在调用的时候传参位置很重要
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """显示宠物的信息"""
    print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
    print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")

describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')

describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry2')#实参 关键字实参 是传递给函数的名称—值对
'''
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.

I have a hamster.
My hamster2's name is Harry2.
'''



#定义函数时设置参数的默认值如下：type = 'dog'
def describe_pet(name,type = 'dog'):
    print('I have a ' + type)
    print('It is '+ name)

#调用有默认值的函数时，可以不传有默认值的参数
describe_pet('DaHuang')
describe_pet('harry','hamster')
'''
I have a dog
It is DaHuang
I have a hamster
It is harry
'''
#注意：使用默认值时，在形参列表中必须先列出没有默认值的形参，再列出有默认值的实参。这让Python依然能够正确地解读位置实参。



#返回值
def age():
    temp = input('How old are you ?') #输入 12
    age = int(temp)
    return age

your_age = age()
print(your_age)
# 输出： 12



#设置可选参数，如下 ： middle_name='' 即为可选参数
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
    """返回整洁的姓名"""
    if middle_name:
        full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
    else:
        full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)
'''
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker
'''

#返回字典
def build_person(first_name, last_name):
    """返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
    person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
    return person

musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
#{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix'}


#列表形参
def my_dog(mydog):
    print('I have 4 dogs , respectively are:')
    for dog in mydog:
        print(dog.title())

#传参时传入列表
mydog = ['dahuang','wangcai','haly','ahuang']
my_dog(mydog)
'''
I have 4 dogs , respectively are:
Dahuang
Wangcai
Haly
Ahuang
'''

#传递任意数量的实参
def  make_pizza(*toppings):
    print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print("- " + topping)

#传入任意个实参
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
'''
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni

Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
'''


#结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
    """概述要制作的比萨"""
    print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
          "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:        print("- " + topping)
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
'''
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni

Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
'''