Here are some handy resources for learning more about HTTP:
Mozilla Developer Network’s HTTP index page contains a variety of tutorial and reference materials on every aspect of HTTP.
The standards documents for HTTP/1.1 start at RFC 7230. The language of Internet standards tends to be a little difficult, but these are the official description of how it’s supposed to work.
The standards documents for HTTP/2 are at https://http2.github.io/.
If you already run your own web site, Let’s Encrypt is a great site to learn about HTTPS in a hands-on way, by creating your own HTTPS certificates and installing them on your site.
For much more about HTTP methods, consult the HTTP standards documents.