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1. struct snd_card
1.1. snd_card是什么
snd_card可以说是整个ALSA音频驱动最顶层的一个结构，整个声卡的软件逻辑结构开始于该结构，几乎所有与声音相关的逻辑设备都是在snd_card的管理之下，声卡驱动的第一个动作通常就是创建一个snd_card结构体。正因为如此，本节中，我们也从 struct cnd_card开始吧。
1.2. snd_card的定义
snd_card的定义位于改头文件中：include/sound/core.h
01./* main structure for soundcard */
02.
03.struct snd_card {
04. int number; /* number of soundcard (index to
05. snd_cards) */
06.
07. char id[16]; /* id string of this card */
08. char driver[16]; /* driver name */
09. char shortname[32]; /* short name of this soundcard */
10. char longname[80]; /* name of this soundcard */
11. char mixername[80]; /* mixer name */
12. char components[128]; /* card components delimited with
13. space */
14. struct module *module; /* top-level module */
15.
16. void *private_data; /* private data for soundcard */
17. void (*private_free) (struct snd_card *card); /* callback for freeing of
18. private data */
19. struct list_head devices; /* devices */
20.
21. unsigned int last_numid; /* last used numeric ID */
22. struct rw_semaphore controls_rwsem; /* controls list lock */
23. rwlock_t ctl_files_rwlock; /* ctl_files list lock */
24. int controls_count; /* count of all controls */
25. int user_ctl_count; /* count of all user controls */
26. struct list_head controls; /* all controls for this card */
27. struct list_head ctl_files; /* active control files */
28.
29. struct snd_info_entry *proc_root; /* root for soundcard specific files */
30. struct snd_info_entry *proc_id; /* the card id */
31. struct proc_dir_entry *proc_root_link; /* number link to real id */
32.
33. struct list_head files_list; /* all files associated to this card */
34. struct snd_shutdown_f_ops *s_f_ops; /* file operations in the shutdown
35. state */
36. spinlock_t files_lock; /* lock the files for this card */
37. int shutdown; /* this card is going down */
38. int free_on_last_close; /* free in context of file_release */
39. wait_queue_head_t shutdown_sleep;
40. struct device *dev; /* device assigned to this card */
41.#ifndef CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED
42. struct device *card_dev; /* cardX object for sysfs */
43.#endif
44.
45.#ifdef CONFIG_PM
46. unsigned int power_state; /* power state */
47. struct mutex power_lock; /* power lock */
48. wait_queue_head_t power_sleep;
49.#endif
50.
51.#if defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS_MODULE)
52. struct snd_mixer_oss *mixer_oss;
53. int mixer_oss_change_count;
54.#endif
55.}; - struct list_head devices 记录该声卡下所有逻辑设备的链表
- struct list_head controls 记录该声卡下所有的控制单元的链表
- void *private_data 声卡的私有数据，可以在创建声卡时通过参数指定数据的大小
2. 声卡的建立流程
2.1.1. 第一步，创建snd_card的一个实例
01.struct snd_card *card;
02.int err;
03.....
04.err = snd_card_create(index, id, THIS_MODULE, 0, &card); - index 一个整数值，该声卡的编号
- id 字符串，声卡的标识符
- 第四个参数 该参数决定在创建snd_card实例时，需要同时额外分配的私有数据的大小，该数据的指针最终会赋值给snd_card的private_data数据成员
- card 返回所创建的snd_card实例的指针
2.1.2. 第二步，创建声卡的芯片专用数据
声卡的专用数据主要用于存放该声卡的一些资源信息，例如中断资源、io资源、dma资源等。可以有两种创建方法：
01.// struct mychip 用于保存专用数据
02.err = snd_card_create(index, id, THIS_MODULE,
03. sizeof(struct mychip), &card);
04.// 从private_data中取出
05.struct mychip *chip = card->private_data; 自己创建：
01.struct mychip {
02. struct snd_card *card;
03. ....
04.};
05.struct snd_card *card;
06.struct mychip *chip;
07.err = snd_card_create(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
08.// 专用数据记录snd_card实例
09.chip->card = card;
10......
11.chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); 然后，把芯片的专有数据注册为声卡的一个低阶设备：
01.static int snd_mychip_dev_free(struct snd_device *device)
02.{
03. return snd_mychip_free(device->device_data);
04.}
05.
06.static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
07. .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free,
08.};
09.....
10.snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops); 2.1.3. 第三步，设置Driver的ID和名字
01.strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip");
02.strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123");
03.sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
04. card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq); snd_card的driver字段保存着芯片的ID字符串，user空间的alsa-lib会使用到该字符串，所以必须要保证该ID的唯一性。shortname字段更多地用于打印信息，longname字段则会出现在/proc/asound/cards中。
2.1.4. 第四步，创建声卡的功能部件（逻辑设备），例如PCM，Mixer，MIDI等
这时候可以创建声卡的各种功能部件了，还记得开头的snd_card结构体的devices字段吗？每一种部件的创建最终会调用snd_device_new()来生成一个snd_device实例，并把该实例链接到snd_card的devices链表中。
通常，alsa-driver的已经提供了一些常用的部件的创建函数，而不必直接调用snd_device_new()，比如：
PCM ---- snd_pcm_new()
RAWMIDI -- snd_rawmidi_new()
CONTROL -- snd_ctl_create()
TIMER -- snd_timer_new()
INFO -- snd_card_proc_new()
JACK -- snd_jack_new()
2.1.5. 第五步，注册声卡
01.err = snd_card_register(card);
02.if (err < 0) {
03. snd_card_free(card);
04. return err;
05.} .2. 一个实际的例子
我把/sound/arm/pxa2xx-ac97.c的部分代码贴上来：
01.static int __devinit pxa2xx_ac97_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
02.{
03. struct snd_card *card;
04. struct snd_ac97_bus *ac97_bus;
05. struct snd_ac97_template ac97_template;
06. int ret;
07. pxa2xx_audio_ops_t *pdata = dev->dev.platform_data;
08.
09. if (dev->id >= 0) {
10. dev_err(&dev->dev, "PXA2xx has only one AC97 port./n");
11. ret = -ENXIO;
12. goto err_dev;
13. }
14.(1)
15. ret = snd_card_create(SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX1, SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR1,
16. THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
17. if (ret < 0)
18. goto err;
19.
20. card->dev = &dev->dev;
21.(3)
22. strncpy(card->driver, dev->dev.driver->name, sizeof(card->driver));
23.
24.(4)
25. ret = pxa2xx_pcm_new(card, &pxa2xx_ac97_pcm_client, &pxa2xx_ac97_pcm);
26. if (ret)
27. goto err;
28.(2)
29. ret = pxa2xx_ac97_hw_probe(dev);
30. if (ret)
31. goto err;
32.
33.(4)
34. ret = snd_ac97_bus(card, 0, &pxa2xx_ac97_ops, NULL, &ac97_bus);
35. if (ret)
36. goto err_remove;
37. memset(&ac97_template, 0, sizeof(ac97_template));
38. ret = snd_ac97_mixer(ac97_bus, &ac97_template, &pxa2xx_ac97_ac97);
39. if (ret)
40. goto err_remove;
41.(3)
42. snprintf(card->shortname, sizeof(card->shortname),
43. "%s", snd_ac97_get_short_name(pxa2xx_ac97_ac97));
44. snprintf(card->longname, sizeof(card->longname),
45. "%s (%s)", dev->dev.driver->name, card->mixername);
46.
47. if (pdata && pdata->codec_pdata[0])
48. snd_ac97_dev_add_pdata(ac97_bus->codec[0], pdata->codec_pdata[0]);
49. snd_card_set_dev(card, &dev->dev);
50.(5)
51. ret = snd_card_register(card);
52. if (ret == 0) {
53. platform_set_drvdata(dev, card);
54. return 0;
55. }
56.
57.err_remove:
58. pxa2xx_ac97_hw_remove(dev);
59.err:
60. if (card)
61. snd_card_free(card);
62.err_dev:
63. return ret;
64.}
65.
66.static int __devexit pxa2xx_ac97_remove(struct platform_device *dev)
67.{
68. struct snd_card *card = platform_get_drvdata(dev);
69.
70. if (card) {
71. snd_card_free(card);
72. platform_set_drvdata(dev, NULL);
73. pxa2xx_ac97_hw_remove(dev);
74. }
75.
76. return 0;
77.}
78.
79.static struct platform_driver pxa2xx_ac97_driver = {
80. .probe = pxa2xx_ac97_probe,
81. .remove = __devexit_p(pxa2xx_ac97_remove),
82. .driver = {
83. .name = "pxa2xx-ac97",
84. .owner = THIS_MODULE,
85.#ifdef CONFIG_PM
86. .pm = &pxa2xx_ac97_pm_ops,
87.#endif
88. },
89.};
90.
91.static int __init pxa2xx_ac97_init(void)
92.{
93. return platform_driver_register(&pxa2xx_ac97_driver);
94.}
95.
96.static void __exit pxa2xx_ac97_exit(void)
97.{
98. platform_driver_unregister(&pxa2xx_ac97_driver);
99.}
100.
101.module_init(pxa2xx_ac97_init);
102.module_exit(pxa2xx_ac97_exit);
103.
104.MODULE_AUTHOR("Nicolas Pitre");
105.MODULE_DESCRIPTION("AC97 driver for the Intel PXA2xx chip"); 驱动程序通常由probe回调函数开始，对一下2.1中的步骤，是否有相似之处？
经过以上的创建步骤之后，声卡的逻辑结构如下图所示：
图 2.2.1 声卡的软件逻辑结构
下面的章节里我们分别讨论一下snd_card_create()和snd_card_register()这两个函数。
3. snd_card_create()
snd_card_create()在/sound/core/init.c中定义。
01./**
02. * snd_card_create - create and initialize a soundcard structure
03. * @idx: card index (address) [0 ... (SNDRV_CARDS-1)]
04. * @xid: card identification (ASCII string)
05. * @module: top level module for locking
06. * @extra_size: allocate this extra size after the main soundcard structure
07. * @card_ret: the pointer to store the created card instance
08. *
09. * Creates and initializes a soundcard structure.
10. *
11. * The function allocates snd_card instance via kzalloc with the given
12. * space for the driver to use freely. The allocated struct is stored
13. * in the given card_ret pointer.
14. *
15. * Returns zero if successful or a negative error code.
16. */
17.int snd_card_create(int idx, const char *xid,
18. struct module *module, int extra_size,
19. struct snd_card **card_ret) 首先，根据extra_size参数的大小分配内存，该内存区可以作为芯片的专有数据使用（见前面的介绍）：
01.card = kzalloc(sizeof(*card) + extra_size, GFP_KERNEL);
02.if (!card)
03. return -ENOMEM; 拷贝声卡的ID字符串：
01.if (xid)
02. strlcpy(card->id, xid, sizeof(card->id)); 如果传入的声卡编号为-1，自动分配一个索引编号：
01.if (idx < 0) {
02. for (idx2 = 0; idx2 < SNDRV_CARDS; idx2++)
03. /* idx == -1 == 0xffff means: take any free slot */
04. if (~snd_cards_lock & idx & 1<<idx2) {
05. if (module_slot_match(module, idx2)) {
06. idx = idx2;
07. break;
08. }
09. }
10.}
11.if (idx < 0) {
12. for (idx2 = 0; idx2 < SNDRV_CARDS; idx2++)
13. /* idx == -1 == 0xffff means: take any free slot */
14. if (~snd_cards_lock & idx & 1<<idx2) {
15. if (!slots[idx2] || !*slots[idx2]) {
16. idx = idx2;
17. break;
18. }
19. }
20.} 初始化snd_card结构中必要的字段：
card->number = idx;
02. card->module = module;
03. INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->devices);
04. init_rwsem(&card->controls_rwsem);
05. rwlock_init(&card->ctl_files_rwlock);
06. INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->controls);
07. INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->ctl_files);
08. spin_lock_init(&card->files_lock);
09. INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->files_list);
10. init_waitqueue_head(&card->shutdown_sleep);
11.#ifdef CONFIG_PM
12. mutex_init(&card->power_lock);
13. init_waitqueue_head(&card->power_sleep); 建立逻辑设备：Control
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01./* the control interface cannot be accessed from the user space until */
02./* snd_cards_bitmask and snd_cards are set with snd_card_register */
03.err = snd_ctl_create(card); 建立proc文件中的info节点：通常就是/proc/asound/card0
err = snd_info_card_create(card); 把第一步分配的内存指针放入private_data字段中：
01.if (extra_size > 0)
02. card->private_data = (char *)card + sizeof(struct snd_card); 4. snd_card_register()
snd_card_create()在/sound/core/init.c中定义。
01./**
02. * snd_card_register - register the soundcard
03. * @card: soundcard structure
04. *
05. * This function registers all the devices assigned to the soundcard.
06. * Until calling this, the ALSA control interface is blocked from the
07. * external accesses. Thus, you should call this function at the end
08. * of the initialization of the card.
09. *
10. * Returns zero otherwise a negative error code if the registrain failed.
11. */
12.int snd_card_register(struct snd_card *card) 首先，创建sysfs下的设备：
01.if (!card->card_dev) {
02. card->card_dev = device_create(sound_class, card->dev,
03. MKDEV(0, 0), card,
04. "card%i", card->number);
05. if (IS_ERR(card->card_dev))
06. card->card_dev = NULL;
07.} 其中，sound_class是在/sound/sound_core.c中创建的：
01.static char *sound_devnode(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode)
02.{
03. if (MAJOR(dev->devt) == SOUND_MAJOR)
04. return NULL;
05. return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "snd/%s", dev_name(dev));
06.}
07.static int __init init_soundcore(void)
08.{
09. int rc;
10.
11. rc = init_oss_soundcore();
12. if (rc)
13. return rc;
14.
15. sound_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "sound");
16. if (IS_ERR(sound_class)) {
17. cleanup_oss_soundcore();
18. return PTR_ERR(sound_class);
19. }
20.
21. sound_class->devnode = sound_devnode;
22.
23. return 0;
24.} 由此可见，声卡的class将会出现在文件系统的/sys/class/sound/下面，并且，sound_devnode()也决定了相应的设备节点也将会出现在/dev/snd/下面。
接下来的步骤，通过snd_device_register_all()注册所有挂在该声卡下的逻辑设备，snd_device_register_all()实际上是通过snd_card的devices链表，遍历所有的snd_device，并且调用snd_device的ops->dev_register()来实现各自设备的注册的。
01.if ((err = snd_device_register_all(card)) < 0)
02. return err; 最后就是建立一些相应的proc和sysfs下的文件或属性节点，代码就不贴了。
至此，整个声卡完成了建立过程。
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