Effective Java~23. 类层次优于标签类

标签类，包含一个标签属性（tag field），表示实例的风格

// Tagged class - vastly inferior to a class hierarchy!
class Figure {
	enum Shape { RECTANGLE, CIRCLE };
	// Tag field - the shape of this figure
	final Shape shape;
	
	// These fields are used only if shape is RECTANGLE
	double length;
	double width;
	
	// This field is used only if shape is CIRCLE
	double radius;
	
	// Constructor for circle
	Figure(double radius) {
		shape = Shape.CIRCLE;
		this.radius = radius;
	}
	
	// Constructor for rectangle
	Figure(double length, double width) {
		shape = Shape.RECTANGLE;
		this.length = length;
		this.width = width;
	}
	double area() {
		switch(shape) {
			case RECTANGLE:
				return length * width;
			case CIRCLE:
				return Math.PI * (radius * radius);
			default:
				throw new AssertionError(shape);
		}
	}
}

总之，标签类是冗长的，容易出错的，而且效率低下。

子类型化（subtyping）

首先定义一个包含抽象方法的抽象类，该标签类的行为取决于标签值。
接下来，为原始标签类的每种类型定义一个根类的具体子类。

// Class hierarchy replacement for a tagged class
abstract class Figure {
	abstract double area();
}

class Circle extends Figure {
	final double radius;
	
	Circle(double radius) { 
		this.radius = radius; 
	}
	
	@Override 
	double area() { 
		return Math.PI * (radius * radius); 
	}
}

class Rectangle extends Figure {
	final double length;
	final double width;
	
	Rectangle(double length, double width) {
		this.length = length;
		this.width = width;
	}
	
	@Override 
	double area() { 
		return length * width; 
	}
}