pandas中apply与applymap

applymap用于DataFrame中的元素级别，就是对所有元素应用某个方法；apply用于Series或DataFrame的列。比如：
applymap():

# 成绩转换为字母表示
grades_df = pd.DataFrame(
    data={'exam1': [43, 81, 78, 75, 89, 70, 91, 65, 98, 87],
          'exam2': [24, 63, 56, 56, 67, 51, 79, 46, 72, 60]},
    index=['Andre', 'Barry', 'Chris', 'Dan', 'Emilio', 
           'Fred', 'Greta', 'Humbert', 'Ivan', 'James']
)
# 先写出一个对单个元素转换的方法
def convert_grades(grade):
    '''
    Fill in this function to convert the given DataFrame of numerical
    grades to letter grades. Return a new DataFrame with the converted
    grade.
    
    The conversion rule is:
        90-100 -> A
        80-89  -> B
        70-79  -> C
        60-69  -> D
        0-59   -> F
    '''
    if grade >= 90:
        return 'A'
    elif grade >= 80:
        return 'B'
    elif grade >= 70:
        return 'C'
    elif grade >= 60:
        return 'D'
    else:
        return 'F'

def convert(grades):
    return grades.applymap(convert_grades)
    
convert(grades_df)

apply:
这是针对DataFrame中的列，也就是Series
ex1

grades_df = pd.DataFrame(
    data={'exam1': [43, 81, 78, 75, 89, 70, 91, 65, 98, 87],
          'exam2': [24, 63, 56, 56, 67, 51, 79, 46, 72, 60]},
    index=['Andre', 'Barry', 'Chris', 'Dan', 'Emilio', 
           'Fred', 'Greta', 'Humbert', 'Ivan', 'James']
)
def standardize_column(column):
    return (column - column.mean()) / column.std()

def standardize(df):
    '''
    Fill in this function to standardize each column of the given
    DataFrame. To standardize a variable, convert each value to the
    number of standard deviations it is above or below the mean.
    '''
    return df.apply(standardize_column)
standardize(grades_df)

ex2

df = pd.DataFrame({
    'a': [4, 5, 3, 1, 2],
    'b': [20, 10, 40, 50, 30],
    'c': [25, 20, 5, 15, 10]
})

def second_largest_column(column):
    sorted_column = column.sort_values(ascending=False)
    return sorted_column.iloc[1]
def second_largest(df):
    '''
    Fill in this function to return the second-largest value of each 
    column of the input DataFrame.
    '''
    return df.apply(second_largest_column)
second_largest(df)