factor graph,potential function,Template models

        factor是对于variables的某种combination的fitness。在BN中factor就是conditional probability distribution(CPD);但factor并不总对应着某种概率(当然也不一定取0~1),比如说在MRF中。和数据库table的操作类似,factor上的基本操作有factor product ,factor marginalization & factor reduction。实际中最常用的模型大概是含有shared structure和shared parameters的模型,比如说NLP里面的sequence model,举一个做Named entity recognition的例子,联系着latent变量的参数(type of entity),是independent of the place and the sequence的(假设position in the sequence与参数无关),这样的好处是:
reuse of parameters allow us to apply the same model to sequences of varying length Template models are languages that specify how variables inherit dependency model from template(representation that allows us to solve multiple problems using the same exact model)

        Factor Graph 是概率图的一种,

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We review the use of factor graphs for the modeling and solving of large-scale inference problems in robotics. Factor graphs are a family of probabilistic graphical models, other examples of which are Bayesian networks and Markov random fields, well known from the statistical modeling and machine learning literature. They provide a powerful abstraction that gives insight into particular inference problems, making it easier to think about and design solutions, and write modular software to perform the actual inference. We illustrate their use in the simultaneous localization and mapping problem and other important problems associated with deploying robots in the real world. We introduce factor graphs as an economical representation within which to formulate the different inference problems, setting the stage for the subsequent sections on practical methods to solve them.We explain the nonlinear optimization techniques for solving arbitrary nonlinear factor graphs, which requires repeatedly solving large sparse linear systems. The sparse structure of the factor graph is the key to understanding this more general algorithm, and hence also understanding (and improving) sparse factorization methods. We provide insight into the graphs underlying robotics inference, and how their sparsity is affected by the implementation choices we make, crucial for achieving highly performant algorithms. As many inference problems in robotics are incremental, we also discuss the iSAM class of algorithms that can reuse previous computations, re-interpreting incremental matrix factorization methods as operations on graphical models, introducing the Bayes tree in the process. Because in most practical situations we will have to deal with 3D rotations and other nonlinear manifolds, we also introduce the more sophisticated machinery to perform optimization on nonlinear manifolds. Finally, we provide an overview of applications of factor graphs for robot perception, showing the broad impact factor graphs had in robot perception. (只有第一章内容,我也才发现)

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