js创建随机验证码

小翔努力变强

已于 2023-06-16 14:42:26 修改

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分类专栏：前端 JavaScript 文章标签： javascript 前端 vue.js 经验分享 css3 html5

于 2023-06-16 13:06:50 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/grx1125/article/details/131243905

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前言

前端经常在登录页面等表单组件，需要添加验证码来防止爬虫、暴力破解等恶性操作。通常验证码是通过接口去访问后台，后台创建并返回图片链接，我们再将表单内容和验证码值传给后台，后台进行验证。

但是在前端是否有方式来生成验证码并验证呢？我们可以借助canvas，具体代码如下：

1. 随机取数函数

先写一个随机取数函数，来生成验证码

传参：{number} size 获取数量

返回： {number[]} strList 随机字符列表

function genRandomStr(size = 4) {
        const range = [
          "0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l","m","n","o","p","q","r","s","t","u","v","w","x","y","z","A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z",
        ];
        const strList = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          const randomStr = range[Math.floor(Math.random() * range.length)];
          strList.push(randomStr);
        }
        return strList;
      }

2. 生成验证码图片函数

先看个效果图：

说说思路：canvas的fillText可以填充文字，其他都是样式来做。文字填充一个后就换样式。

已经实现：随机的文字大小、随机的文字旋转、每个字符在规定区域、字符不重叠

可以拓展：随机线条（line）、随机点阵（line）、随机颜色（fillStyle）、随机放缩（transfrom）

问题：不同的长宽比，旋转的幅度需要调整，不然会跑到图外，下面修正。

function useCaptcha(width = 100, height = 50) {
        // 生成随机内容
        const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
        canvas.width = width;
        canvas.height = height;
        const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
        const captcha = genRandomStr();

        for (let i in captcha) {
          const str = captcha[i];
          const transLen = (width * 0.8) / captcha.length; // 偏移量
          const sizeRatio = 0.3 + 0.3 * Math.random(); // 随机文字大小比例
          const degRatio = (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.5; // 随机旋转比例
          ctx.font = height * sizeRatio + "px serif"; // 设置字体大小
          ctx.rotate(degRatio); // 旋转
          ctx.fillText(str, width * 0.1, height * 0.8, width * 0.8); // 填充文字
          ctx.translate(transLen, 0); // 偏移
          ctx.rotate(-degRatio); // 恢复旋转
        }

        const result = {
          imgSrc: canvas.toDataURL(),
          value: captcha.join(""),
        };
        return result;
      }

3. 拓展

效果图:

如何？是不是有那么点意思了，具体代码如下：

颜色拓展:

颜色直接随机，也可以自定义一个好看的颜色区间随机，也可以用rgba带点透明效果。

function randomColor() {
        const randR = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        const randG = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        const randB = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        return `rgb(${randR},${randG},${randB})`;
      }

线条拓展:

我们通过迭代的方式，画了50条直线。

1. 先将translate归位

2. 新建画图路径，不然就是一条线了

function useCaptcha(width = 100, height = 50) {
// 生成随机内容
        const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
        canvas.width = width;
        canvas.height = height;
        const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
        const captcha = genRandomStr();

        for (let i in captcha) {
          const str = captcha[i];
          const transLen = (width * 0.8) / captcha.length;
          const sizeRatio = 0.3 + 0.3 * Math.random();
          const degRatio = (Math.random() - 0.5) * (width / height); // 用长宽比就没事了
          ctx.font = height * sizeRatio + "px serif";
          ctx.rotate(degRatio);
          ctx.fillStyle = randomColor(); // ---新增
          ctx.fillText(str, width * 0.1, height * 0.8, width * 0.8);
          ctx.translate(transLen, 0); // 偏移
          ctx.rotate(-degRatio); // 恢复旋转
        }
ctx.translate(-width * 0.8, 0); // ---新增
        for (var i = 0; i <= 50; i++) {
          ctx.beginPath(); // 新建画图路径
          ctx.strokeStyle = randomColor();
          ctx.moveTo(Math.random() * width, Math.random() * height);
          ctx.lineTo(Math.random() * width, Math.random() * height);
          ctx.stroke();
        }

 const result = {
          imgSrc: canvas.toDataURL(),
          value: captcha.join(""),
        };
        return result;
}

完整代码

在网页中显示，完整代码如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
  </head>
  <style>
    #captcha {
      width: 300px;
      height: 150px;
    }
  </style>
  <body>
    <img id="captcha" src="" />

    <script>
      /**
       * @param {number} size 随机字符数
       * @return {str[]} 验证码列表
       */
      function genRandomStr(size = 4) {
        const range = [
      "0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l","m","n","o","p","q","r","s","t","u","v","w","x","y","z","A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z",
        ];
        const strList = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          const randomStr = range[Math.floor(Math.random() * range.length)];
          strList.push(randomStr);
        }
        return strList;
      }

      /**
       * @param {number} width 验证码高度
       * @param {number} height 验证码宽度
       * @return {imgSrc:string,value:string} 返回图片链接，验证码值
       */
      function useCaptcha(width = 100, height = 50) {
        // 生成随机内容
        const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
        canvas.width = width;
        canvas.height = height;
        const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
        const captcha = genRandomStr();

        for (let i in captcha) {
          const str = captcha[i];
          const transLen = (width * 0.8) / captcha.length;
          const sizeRatio = 0.3 + 0.3 * Math.random();
          const degRatio = (Math.random() - 0.5) * (width / height); // 设置为长宽比不会旋转太过
          ctx.font = height * sizeRatio + "px serif";
          ctx.rotate(degRatio);
          ctx.fillStyle = randomColor();
          ctx.fillText(str, width * 0.1, height * 0.8, width * 0.8);
          ctx.translate(transLen, 0); // 偏移
          ctx.rotate(-degRatio); // 恢复旋转
        }
        ctx.translate(-width * 0.8, 0);
        for (var i = 0; i <= 50; i++) {
          ctx.beginPath(); // 新建画图路径
          ctx.strokeStyle = randomColor();
          ctx.moveTo(Math.random() * width, Math.random() * height);
          ctx.lineTo(Math.random() * width, Math.random() * height);
          ctx.stroke();
        }

        const result = {
          imgSrc: canvas.toDataURL(),
          value: captcha.join(""),
        };
        return result;
      }

      function setImg() {
        const imgDom = document.getElementById("captcha");
        const captchaObj = useCaptcha(300, 150);
        imgDom.src = captchaObj.imgSrc;
        console.log("验证码值：", captchaObj.value);
      }

      function randomColor() {
        const randR = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        const randG = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        const randB = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
        return `rgb(${randR},${randG},${randB})`;
      }

      setImg();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

好了，就拓展到这里了，有什么问题大家可以一起探讨~

路过的可以点个收藏，万一用上了呢😊