简介
Seata组件是Spring Cloud Alibaba提供的处理分布式事务的组件。那何为分布式事务呢?在微服务环境下,假设有3个服务,A、B、C服务,A的某个方法,方法逻辑是通过OpenFeign调用B服务的方法,再通过OpenFeign调用C服务的方法,最后再执行自身的业务逻辑,对数据库执行操作。那如果在对数据库执行操作时出现异常,此时要进行回滚,即调用B服务的方法和调用C服务的方法中,对数据库的操作,要进行回滚。如果没有分布式事务的介入,B、C服务对数据库的操作是无法回滚的。但有了Seata,这个问题便可得到解决。
四种模式
Seata为我们提供了AT、TCC、SAGA、XA这四种模式,不同模式针对不同的场景需求,提供解决方案。
AT模式:即自动模式,可以解决80%的分布式事务需求,依赖数据库的undo log和redo log。
TCC模式:当某服务操作的数据库是非关系型数据库时,如Redis,就不能用AT模式了,而是使用TCC模式。各服务的逻辑层代码中,编写一组三个方法(prepare、commit、rollback),prepare是无论事务成功与否都要执行的方法,commit是整体事务成功时执行的方法,rollback是整体事务失败时执行的方法
SAGA模式:针对于老项目:编写一个类,当事务失败要进行回滚时,运行这个编写的回滚类。这样子就不用修改原有的代码了。
XA模式:使用较少,强一致性的。
代码示例
首先下载seata:https://github.com/seata/seata/releases
作者这里下载的是1.4.2的windows版本,
下载好后,解压,打开conf文件夹下的registry.conf,
该文件下方还有个config配置,type为file,而这个file指向的是和registry.conf同目录下的file.conf,我们打开编辑它:
如果你用的是mysql8,driverClassName要改成"com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver",url后面要加上"&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai",user、password也要改成自己数据库的用户名和密码。在mysql上建立seata数据库(不叫seata也行,但要和url中的名称保持一致),然后新建3张表,global_table、branch_table、lock_table,sql如下:
-- the table to store GlobalSession data
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `global_table`
(
`xid` VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
`transaction_id` BIGINT,
`status` TINYINT NOT NULL,
`application_id` VARCHAR(32),
`transaction_service_group` VARCHAR(32),
`transaction_name` VARCHAR(128),
`timeout` INT,
`begin_time` BIGINT,
`application_data` VARCHAR(2000),
`gmt_create` DATETIME,
`gmt_modified` DATETIME,
PRIMARY KEY (`xid`),
KEY `idx_status_gmt_modified` (`status` , `gmt_modified`),
KEY `idx_transaction_id` (`transaction_id`)
) ENGINE = InnoDB
DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4;
-- the table to store BranchSession data
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `branch_table`
(
`branch_id` BIGINT NOT NULL,
`xid` VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
`transaction_id` BIGINT,
`resource_group_id` VARCHAR(32),
`resource_id` VARCHAR(256),
`branch_type` VARCHAR(8),
`status` TINYINT,
`client_id` VARCHAR(64),
`application_data` VARCHAR(2000),
`gmt_create` DATETIME(6),
`gmt_modified` DATETIME(6),
PRIMARY KEY (`branch_id`),
KEY `idx_xid` (`xid`)
) ENGINE = InnoDB
DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4;
-- the table to store lock data
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `lock_table`
(
`row_key` VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
`xid` VARCHAR(128),
`transaction_id` BIGINT,
`branch_id` BIGINT NOT NULL,
`resource_id` VARCHAR(256),
`table_name` VARCHAR(32),
`pk` VARCHAR(36),
`status` TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT
'0:locked ,1:rollbacking',
`gmt_create` DATETIME,
`gmt_modified` DATETIME,
PRIMARY KEY (`row_key`),
KEY `idx_status` (`status`),
KEY `idx_branch_id` (`branch_id`),
KEY `idx_xid_and_branch_id` (`xid` , `branch_id`)
) ENGINE = InnoDB
DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4;
然后先启动nacos,再启动seata(点击bin目录下的seata-server.bat);如果在nacos的服务列表中,多出来一条数据,说明刚才的配置成功奏效了:
下面我们要新建2个服务模块,订单模块和库存模块;订单模块的某个方法,会通过OpenFeign调用库存模块的方法,这个库存模块的方法会减少库存表的数量1;然后再往自身的订单表新增一条数据。我们首先建立库存模块:
引入依赖:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.2.8</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>2.2.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery
</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-seata</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>2.2.6.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>2.2.6.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
application.yml的配置:
server:
port: 8081
spring:
application:
name: seata-stock
# 不能放在bootstrap.yml中,不然启动报错
datasource:
druid:
driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&allowMultiQueries=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
username: root
password: 123456
type: com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
cloud:
nacos:
discovery:
server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
mybatis:
# xml文件必须放在src/main/resources下的mapper文件夹下;
# 或者xml文件和mapper接口同名、同路径,不需要配置
mapper-locations: classpath*:mapper/*.xml
seata:
# 事务组名称
tx-service-group: mygroup
service:
vgroup-mapping:
mygroup: default
Controller层:
import com.gs.seatastock.service.StockService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/stock")
public class StockController {
@Autowired
private StockService stockService;
@RequestMapping("/desc")
public void desc() {
stockService.desc(1);
}
}
Service层:
public interface StockService {
void desc(Integer productId);
}
import com.gs.seatastock.mapper.StockMapper;
import com.gs.seatastock.service.StockService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class StockServiceImpl implements StockService {
@Autowired
private StockMapper stockMapper;
public void desc(Integer productId) {
stockMapper.stockDesc(productId);
}
}
mapper层:
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;
public interface StockMapper {
Integer stockDesc(@Param("productId") Integer productId);
}
xml文件:
<update id="stockDesc">
update stock set count = count - 1 where product_id = #{productId}
</update>
数据库层面,Stock表:
CREATE TABLE `stock` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`product_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`count` int DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `stock_un` (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3;
并且插入一条数据:
insert into stock (product_id, count) values(1, 100);
数据库下也要给seata建立一张名为undo_log的表:
CREATE TABLE `undo_log` (
`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`branch_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
`xid` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`context` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
`rollback_info` longblob NOT NULL,
`log_status` int(11) NOT NULL,
`log_created` datetime NOT NULL,
`log_modified` datetime NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `ux_undo_log` (`xid`,`branch_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
再建立订单模块,引入依赖:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.2.8</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>2.2.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery
</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
<version>2.2.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-seata</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
application.yml的配置:
server:
port: 8082
spring:
application:
name: seata-order
# 不能放在bootstrap.yml中,不然启动报错
datasource:
druid:
driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&allowMultiQueries=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
username: root
password: 123456
type: com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
cloud:
nacos:
discovery:
server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
mybatis:
# xml文件必须放在src/main/resources下的mapper文件夹下;
# 或者xml文件和mapper接口同名、同路径,不需要配置
mapper-locations: classpath*:mapper/*.xml
seata:
# 事务组名称
tx-service-group: mygroup
service:
vgroup-mapping:
mygroup: default
Controller层(这里有个重要的seata注解:@GlobalTransactional):
import com.gs.seataorder.service.OrderService;
import io.seata.spring.annotation.GlobalTransactional;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/order")
public class OrderController {
@Autowired
private OrderService orderService;
@RequestMapping("/createOrder")
@GlobalTransactional
public void createOrder() {
orderService.createOrder(1);
}
}
Service层:
public interface OrderService {
Integer createOrder(Integer productId);
}
import com.gs.seataorder.feign.MyFeignClient;
import com.gs.seataorder.mapper.OrderMapper;
import com.gs.seataorder.service.OrderService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {
@Autowired
private MyFeignClient feignClient;
@Autowired
private OrderMapper mapper;
public Integer createOrder(Integer productId) {
feignClient.desc();
int i = 1 / 0;
return mapper.createOrder(productId);
}
}
Feign的接口:
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@FeignClient(value = "seata-stock")
public interface MyFeignClient {
@GetMapping("/stock/desc")
void desc();
}
mapper层:
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;
public interface OrderMapper {
Integer createOrder(@Param("productId") Integer productId);
}
xml文件:
<insert id="createOrder">
insert into orderForm(product_id, count) values(#{productId}, 1)
on duplicate key update count = count + 1
</insert>
数据库的orderForm表:
CREATE TABLE `orderform` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`product_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`count` int DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `orderForm_un` (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3;
undo_log表也不能少,建表的sql和上面的一样。
打开浏览器去访问:http://localhost:8082/order/createOrder,然后去观察stock表和orderform表;stock表的count字段没有减少,还是100,orderform表没有增加数据,说明此时分布式事务成功了。
以上的代码示例,是基于AT模式的;想要尝试其余模式的,可以参考:
TCC模式:
https://seata.io/zh-cn/blog/integrate-seata-tcc-mode-with-spring-cloud.html