PAT（甲级）2020年冬季考试

	标号	标题	分数	通过数	提交数	通过率
	7-1	The Closest Fibonacci Number	20	85	220	0.39
	7-2	Subsequence in Substring	25	79	323	0.24
	7-3	File Path	25	62	200	0.31
	7-4	Chemical Equation	30	53	212	0.25

7-1 The Closest Fibonacci Number (20 分)

The Fibonacci sequence F​n​​ is defined by F​n+2​​=F​n+1​​+F​n​​ for n≥0, with F​0​​=0 and F​1​​=1. The closest Fibonacci number is defined as the Fibonacci number with the smallest absolute difference with the given integer N.

Your job is to find the closest Fibonacci number for any given N.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case, which gives a positive integer N (≤10​8​​).

Output Specification:

For each case, print the closest Fibonacci number. If the solution is not unique, output the smallest one.

Sample Input:

305

Sample Output:

233

Hint:

Since part of the sequence is { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, ... }, there are two solutions: 233 and 377, both have the smallest distance 72 to 305. The smaller one must be printed out.

题目大意：

对于斐波那契数列，任意输入一个数n，查找该数列中与这个数n最近的值，如果两边差相等，则输出小的那一个。

思路：

斐波那契数列打表，然后根据输入的值 n 去里面遍历查找 fib[i] <n < fib[i+1]的位置i，然后比较左右差值，输出即可。

难点：

这道题不能用递归的方式打表，自己试了一下，10^8要40个斐波那契数，如果递归，很长时间不会打完表。所以直接用数组赋值的方法进行打表。

代码

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
const int maxn = 50;
int fib[maxn];
// 斐波那契数列打表
void Find_Fib(){
    fib[0] = 0;
	fib[1] = 1;
	for (int i = 2; i < maxn; i++) {
		fib[i] = fib[i - 1] + fib[i - 2];
	}
}

int main() {
	Find_Fib();
    int n;
	scanf("%d", &n);		
	// 查找元素
	int loc = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < maxn; i++) {
		if (n > fib[i] && n < fib[i+1]) {
			loc = i;
			break;
		}
	}
	// 比较差值
	int left = n - fib[loc];
	int right = fib[loc + 1] - n;
	if (left > right)
		loc += 1;
	// 输出closest fib number
	printf("%d\n", fib[loc]);
	return 0;
}

 

7-2 Subsequence in Substring (25 分)

A substring is a continuous part of a string. A subsequence is the part of a string that might be continuous or not but the order of the elements is maintained. For example, given the string atpaaabpabtt, pabt is a substring, while pat is a subsequence.

Now given a string S and a subsequence P, you are supposed to find the shortest substring of S that contains P. If such a solution is not unique, output the left most one.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case which consists of two lines. The first line contains S and the second line P. S is non-empty and consists of no more than 10​4​​ lower English letters. P is guaranteed to be a non-empty subsequence of S.

Output Specification:

For each case, print the shortest substring of S that contains P. If such a solution is not unique, output the left most one.

Sample Input:

atpaaabpabttpcat
pat

Sample Output:

pabt

 

7-3 File Path (25 分)

 

The figure shows the tree view of directories in Windows File Explorer. When a file is selected, there is a file path shown in the above navigation bar. Now given a tree view of directories, your job is to print the file path for any selected file.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line gives a positive integer N (≤10​3​​), which is the total number of directories and files. Then N lines follow, each gives the unique 4-digit ID of a file or a directory, starting from the unique root ID 0000. The format is that the files of depth d will have their IDs indented by d spaces. It is guaranteed that there is no conflict in this tree structure.

Then a positive integer K (≤100) is given, followed by K queries of IDs.

Output Specification:

For each queried ID, print in a line the corresponding path from the root to the file in the format: 0000->ID1->ID2->...->ID. If the ID is not in the tree, print Error: ID is not found. instead.

Sample Input:

14
0000
 1234
  2234
   3234
    4234
    4235
    2333
   5234
   6234
    7234
     9999
  0001
   8234
 0002
4 9999 8234 0002 6666

Sample Output:

0000->1234->2234->6234->7234->9999
0000->1234->0001->8234
0000->0002
Error: 6666 is not found.

 

7-4 Chemical Equation (30 分)

A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side. For example, CH​4​​+2O​2​​=CO​2​​+2H​2​​O means that the reactants in this chemical reaction are methane and oxygen: CH​4​​ and O​2​​, and the products of this reaction are carbon dioxide and water: CO​2​​ and H​2​​O.

Given a set of reactants and products, you are supposed to tell that in which way we can obtain these products, provided that each reactant can be used only once. For the sake of simplicity, we will consider all the entities on the right-hand side of the equation as one single product.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line gives an integer N (2≤N≤20), followed by N distinct indices of reactants. The second line gives an integer M (1≤M≤10), followed by M distinct indices of products. The index of an entity is a 2-digit number.

Then a positive integer K (≤50) is given, followed by K lines of equations, in the format:

reactant_1 + reactant_2 + ... + reactant_n -> product

where all the reactants are distinct and are in increasing order of their indices.

Note: It is guaranteed that

• one set of reactants will not produce two or more different products, i.e. situation like 01 + 02 -> 03 and 01 + 02 -> 04 is impossible;
• a reactant cannot be its product unless it is the only one on the left-hand side, i.e. 01 -> 01 is always true (no matter the equation is given or not), but 01 + 02 -> 01 is impossible; and
• there are never more than 5 different ways of obtaining a product given in the equations list.

Output Specification:

For each case, print the equations that use the given reactants to obtain all the given products. Note that each reactant can be used only once.

Each equation occupies a line, in the same format as we see in the inputs. The equations must be print in the same order as the products given in the input. For each product in order, if the solution is not unique, always print the one with the smallest sequence of reactants -- A sequence { a​1​​,⋯,a​m​​ } is said to be smaller than another sequence { b​1​​,⋯,b​n​​ } if there exists 1≤i≤min(m,n) so that a​j​​=b​j​​ for all j<i, and a​i​​<b​i​​.

It is guaranteed that at least one solution exists.

Sample Input:

8 09 05 03 04 02 01 16 10
3 08 03 04
6
03 + 09 -> 08
02 + 08 -> 04
02 + 04 -> 03
01 + 05 -> 03
01 + 09 + 16 -> 03
02 + 03 + 05 -> 08

Sample Output:

02 + 03 + 05 -> 08
01 + 09 + 16 -> 03
04 -> 04