Linux shell编程之for循环

for命令基本格式：

for var in list
do 
    commands
done

用法如下：

一、直接遍历一个列表

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash

for n in 1 2 3 4 5 6
do
  echo "n=$n"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6

注意在列表中如果含有单引号，会把单引号包括起来的字符视为一个整体。

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash


for val in I don't know if I'm a good man
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=I
n=dont know if Im
n=a
n=good
n=man

如上所示：单引号包括的内容被当做一个整体，里面的空格不会起分隔作用。
如果确实想在列表中使用单引号，有两种方法：
(1) 使用 '\'转义单引号

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash


for val in I don\'t know if I\'m a good man
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=I
n=don't
n=know
n=if
n=I'm
n=a
n=good
n=man

(2) 使用双引号将含有单引号的字串包起来。

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash


for val in I "don't" know if "I'm" a good man
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=I
n=don't
n=know
n=if
n=I'm
n=a
n=good
n=man

如果一个字串中含有空格，要用双引号包起来。

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash


for val in I "don't  know if I'm" a good man
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=I
n=don't  know if I'm
n=a
n=good
n=man

二、从变量中读取列表

$ cat test.sh 
#!/bin/bash
list="I don't  know if I'm  a good man"


for val in $list
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=I
n=don't
n=know
n=if
n=I'm
n=a
n=good
n=man

三、读取命令中的值

$ cat test.txt
apple pear banana orange 
$ cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash


for val in `cat test.txt`
do
  echo "n=$val"
done
$ ./test.sh 
n=apple
n=pear
n=banana
n=orange

四、使用通配符读取目录

$ cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
ifs_old=$IFS
IFS=$':'
for val in ~/*
do
   if [ -d $val ]
   then
      echo "$val is a directory"
   elif [ -f $val ]
   then
      echo "$val is a file"
   fi
done
IFS=$ifs_old
$ ./test.sh 
/home/jix/begin one day.sh is a file
/home/jix/code is a directory
/home/jix/Desktop is a directory
/home/jix/Documents is a directory
/home/jix/Downloads is a directory
/home/jix/grep.txt is a file
/home/jix/grep.txt1 is a file
/home/jix/Music is a directory
/home/jix/Pictures is a directory
/home/jix/Public is a directory
/home/jix/Templates is a directory
/home/jix/Videos is a directory

注意：for val in ~/* 中的~/*不能写为"~/*",写为"~/*"会被当做一个字符串处理，
显然没有路径为~/*的文件和文件夹，程序什么都不会输出

$ cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
ifs_old=$IFS
IFS=$':'
for val in "~/*"
do
   if [ -d $val ]
   then
      echo "$val is a directory"
   elif [ -f $val ]
   then
      echo "$val is a file"
   fi
done

IFS=$ifs_old
$ ./test.sh 
$