I/O端口与I/O内存

寄存器与ram的区别：
    寄存器的操作有副作用(side effect)，如有些状态寄存器，读取后便会自动清零。

X86：支持I/O空间，支持内存空间
ARM,MIPS,POWERPC：只支持内存空间

I/O端口：一个寄存器或内存位于I/O空间
I/O内存：一个寄存器或内存位于内存空间

I/O端口的操作：
    (1)申请
        request_region(start,n,name)
    (2)访问
        8位：inb(), outb()
        16位：inw(), outw()
        32位：inl(), outl()
    (3)释放
        release_region(start,n)

I/O内存的操作：
    (1)申请
        request_mem_region(start,n,name)
    (2)映射
        void __iomem *ioremap(unsigned long offset, unsigned long size);
    (3)访问
        8位：ioread8(), iowrite8()
        16位：ioread16(), iowrite16()
        32位：ioread32(), iowrite32()
        老版本：
            readb, readw, readl
            writeb, writew, writel
    (4)释放
        void iounmap(volatile void __iomem *virtual)

        release_mem_region(start,n)

对于arm，powerpc来说，只有I/O内存操作，可以映射到一个虚拟地址，然后用访问指针的方式来读写，而不用ioread等。

相关函数：

#define request_region(start,n,name)	__request_region(&ioport_resource, (start), (n), (name))
#define request_mem_region(start,n,name) __request_region(&iomem_resource, (start), (n), (name))

#define release_region(start,n)	__release_region(&ioport_resource, (start), (n))
#define release_mem_region(start,n)	__release_region(&iomem_resource, (start), (n))

/*
 * This is compatibility stuff for IO resources.
 *
 * Note how this, unlike the above, knows about
 * the IO flag meanings (busy etc).
 *
 * request_region creates a new busy region.
 *
 * check_region returns non-zero if the area is already busy.
 *
 * release_region releases a matching busy region.
 */

/**
 * __request_region - create a new busy resource region
 * @parent: parent resource descriptor
 * @start: resource start address
 * @n: resource region size
 * @name: reserving caller's ID string
 */
struct resource * __request_region(struct resource *parent,
				   resource_size_t start, resource_size_t n,
				   const char *name)
{
	struct resource *res = kzalloc(sizeof(*res), GFP_KERNEL);

	if (res) {
		res->name = name;
		res->start = start;
		res->end = start + n - 1;
		res->flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY;

		write_lock(&resource_lock);

		for (;;) {
			struct resource *conflict;

			conflict = __request_resource(parent, res);
			if (!conflict)
				break;
			if (conflict != parent) {
				parent = conflict;
				if (!(conflict->flags & IORESOURCE_BUSY))
					continue;
			}

			/* Uhhuh, that didn't work out.. */
			kfree(res);
			res = NULL;
			break;
		}
		write_unlock(&resource_lock);
	}
	return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__request_region);

/**
 * __check_region - check if a resource region is busy or free
 * @parent: parent resource descriptor
 * @start: resource start address
 * @n: resource region size
 *
 * Returns 0 if the region is free at the moment it is checked,
 * returns %-EBUSY if the region is busy.
 *
 * NOTE:
 * This function is deprecated because its use is racy.
 * Even if it returns 0, a subsequent call to request_region()
 * may fail because another driver etc. just allocated the region.
 * Do NOT use it.  It will be removed from the kernel.
 */
int __check_region(struct resource *parent, resource_size_t start,
			resource_size_t n)
{
	struct resource * res;

	res = __request_region(parent, start, n, "check-region");
	if (!res)
		return -EBUSY;

	release_resource(res);
	kfree(res);
	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__check_region);

/**
 * __release_region - release a previously reserved resource region
 * @parent: parent resource descriptor
 * @start: resource start address
 * @n: resource region size
 *
 * The described resource region must match a currently busy region.
 */
void __release_region(struct resource *parent, resource_size_t start,
			resource_size_t n)
{
	struct resource **p;
	resource_size_t end;

	p = &parent->child;
	end = start + n - 1;

	write_lock(&resource_lock);

	for (;;) {
		struct resource *res = *p;

		if (!res)
			break;
		if (res->start <= start && res->end >= end) {
			if (!(res->flags & IORESOURCE_BUSY)) {
				p = &res->child;
				continue;
			}
			if (res->start != start || res->end != end)
				break;
			*p = res->sibling;
			write_unlock(&resource_lock);
			kfree(res);
			return;
		}
		p = &res->sibling;
	}

	write_unlock(&resource_lock);

	printk(KERN_WARNING "Trying to free nonexistent resource "
		"<%016llx-%016llx>\n", (unsigned long long)start,
		(unsigned long long)end);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__release_region);

/*
 * We're addressing an 8 or 16-bit peripheral which tranfers
 * odd addresses on the low ISA byte lane.
 */
u8 __inb8(unsigned int port)
{
	u32 ret;

	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		ret = __raw_readb((void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + (port << 2));
	else {
		void __iomem *a = (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + ((port & ~1) << 1);

		/*
		 * Shame nothing else does
		 */
		if (port & 1)
			ret = __raw_readl(a);
		else
			ret = __raw_readb(a);
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * We're addressing a 16-bit peripheral which transfers odd
 * addresses on the high ISA byte lane.
 */
u8 __inb16(unsigned int port)
{
	unsigned int offset;

	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		offset = port << 2;
	else
		offset = (port & ~1) << 1 | (port & 1);

	return __raw_readb((void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + offset);
}

u16 __inw(unsigned int port)
{
	unsigned int offset;

	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		offset = port << 2;
	else {
		offset = port << 1;
		BUG_ON(port & 1);
	}
	return __raw_readw((void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + offset);
}

/*
 * Fake a 32-bit read with two 16-bit reads.  Needed for 3c589.
 */
u32 __inl(unsigned int port)
{
	void __iomem *a;

	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port) || port & 3)
		BUG();

	a = (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + ((port & ~1) << 1);

	return __raw_readw(a) | __raw_readw(a + 4) << 16;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inb8);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inb16);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inw);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inl);

void __outb8(u8 val, unsigned int port)
{
	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		__raw_writeb(val, (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + (port << 2));
	else {
		void __iomem *a = (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + ((port & ~1) << 1);

		/*
		 * Shame nothing else does
		 */
		if (port & 1)
			__raw_writel(val, a);
		else
			__raw_writeb(val, a);
	}
}

void __outb16(u8 val, unsigned int port)
{
	unsigned int offset;

	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		offset = port << 2;
	else
		offset = (port & ~1) << 1 | (port & 1);

	__raw_writeb(val, (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + offset);
}

void __outw(u16 val, unsigned int port)
{
	unsigned int offset;

	/*
	 * The SuperIO registers use sane addressing techniques...
	 */
	if (SUPERIO_PORT(port))
		offset = port << 2;
	else {
		offset = port << 1;
		BUG_ON(port & 1);
	}
	__raw_writew(val, (void __iomem *)ISAIO_BASE + offset);
}

void __outl(u32 val, unsigned int port)
{
	BUG();
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(__outb8);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__outb16);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__outw);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__outl);

/*
 * These are typically used in PCI drivers
 * which are trying to be cross-platform.
 *
 * Bus type is always zero on IIep.
 */
void __iomem *ioremap(unsigned long offset, unsigned long size)
{
	char name[14];

	sprintf(name, "phys_%08x", (u32)offset);
	return _sparc_alloc_io(0, offset, size, name);
}

/*
 * Comlimentary to ioremap().
 */
void iounmap(volatile void __iomem *virtual)
{
	unsigned long vaddr = (unsigned long) virtual & PAGE_MASK;
	struct resource *res;

	if ((res = _sparc_find_resource(&sparc_iomap, vaddr)) == NULL) {
		printk("free_io/iounmap: cannot free %lx\n", vaddr);
		return;
	}
	_sparc_free_io(res);

	if ((char *)res >= (char*)xresv && (char *)res < (char *)&xresv[XNRES]) {
		xres_free((struct xresource *)res);
	} else {
		kfree(res);
	}
}