ElasticSearch学习(一)

ElasticSearch学习

什么是Elasticsearch

ElasticSearch是一个基于Lucene的搜索服务器。它提供了一个分布式多用户能力的全文搜索引擎,基于RESTful web接口。Elasticsearch是用Java开发的,并作为Apache许可条款下的开放源码发布,是当前流行的企业级搜索引擎。设计用于云计算中,能够达到实时搜索,稳定,可靠,快速,安装使用方便。
优点:

  • 分布式:节点对外表现对等,加入节点自动均衡
  • elasticsearch完全支持Apache Lucene的接近实时的搜索
  • 各节点组成对等的网络结构,当某个节点出现故障时会自动分配其他节点代替期进行工作
  • 横向可扩展性,如果你需要增加一台服务器,只需要做点配置,然后启动就完事了
  • 高可用:提供复制(replica)机制,一个分片可以设置多个复制,使得某台服务器宕机的情况下,集群仍旧可以照常运行,并会把由于服务器宕机丢失的复制恢复到其它可用节点上;这点也类似于HDFS的复制机制(HDFS中默认是3份复制)

缺点:

  • 不支持事物
  • 相对吃内存
ElasticSearcho数据组织

为了理解elasticsearch是如何组织数据的,我们可以从以下两个方面来观察:

  • 逻辑设计,我们可以把elasticsearch与关系型数据做个客观对比:
Relational DBElasticsearch
数据库(database)索引(indices)
表(tables)types
行(rows)documents
字段(columns)fields

elasticsearch(集群)中可以包含多个索引(数据库),每个索引中可以包含多个类型(表),每个类型下又包含多个文档(行),每个文档中又包含多个字段(列)。

  • 物理设计,在elasticsearch后台是如何处理这些数据的呢?elasticsearch将每个索引划分为多个分片,每份分片又可以在集群中的不同服务器间迁移。
逻辑设计:文档、类型、索引

一个索引类型中,包含多个文档,比如说文档1,文档2。
当我们索引一篇文档时,可以通过这样的顺序找到它:索引类型文档ID,通过这个组合我们就能索引到某个具体的文档。
注意:ID不必是整数,实际上它是个字符串。

文档

之前说elasticsearch是面向文档的,那么就意味着索引和搜索数据的最小单位是文档,elasticsearch中,文档有几个重要属性:

  • 自我包含,一篇文档同时包含字段和对应的值,也就是同时包含key:value
  • 可以是层次型的,一个文档中包含自文档,复杂的逻辑实体就是这么来的
  • 灵活的结构,文档不依赖预先定义的模式,我们知道关系型数据库中,要提前定义字段才能使用,在elasticsearch中,对于字段是非常灵活的,有时候,我们可以忽略该字段,或者动态的添加一个新的字段。
  • 文档是无模式的,也就是说,字段对应值的类型可以是不限类型的。

尽管我们可以随意的新增或者忽略某个字段,但是,每个字段的类型非常重要,比如一个年龄字段类型,可以是字符串也可以是整型。因为elasticsearch会保存字段和类型之间的映射及其他的设置。这种映射具体到每个映射的每种类型,这也是为什么在elasticsearch中,类型有时候也称为映射类型。

类型

类型是文档的逻辑容器,就像关系型数据库一样,表格是行的容器。
类型中对于字段的定义称为映射,比如name映射为字符串类型。
我们说文档是无模式的,它们不需要拥有映射中所定义的所有字段,比如新增一个字段,那么elasticsearch是怎么做的呢?elasticsearch会自动的将新字段加入映射,但是这个字段的不确定它是什么类型,elasticsearch就开始猜,如果这个值是18,那么elasticsearch会认为它是整型。
但是elasticsearch也可能猜不对,所以最安全的方式就是提前定义好所需要的映射,这点跟关系型数据库殊途同归了,先定义好字段,然后再使用,别整什么幺蛾子。后面在讨论更多关于映射的东西。

索引

索引是映射类型的容器,elasticsearch中的索引是一个非常大的文档集合。索引存储了映射类型的字段和其他设置。然后它们被存储到了各个分片上了。
我们来研究下分片是如何工作的。

物理设计:节点和分片

一个集群包含至少一个节点,而一个节点就是一个elasticsearch进程。节点内可以有多个索引。
默认的,如果你创建一个索引,那么这个索引将会有5个分片(primary shard,又称主分片)构成,而每个分片又有一个副本(replica shard,又称复制分片),这样,就有了10个分片。

那么这个索引是如何存储在集群中的呢?

在这里插入图片描述

上图是一个有3个节点的集群,可以看到主分片和对应的复制分片都不会在同一个节点内,这样有利于某个节点挂掉了,数据也不至于丢失。
实际上,一个分片是一个Lucene索引,一个包含倒排索引的文件目录,倒排索引的结构使得elasticsearch在不扫描全部文档的情况下,就能告诉你哪些文档包含特定的关键字。

倒排索引

elasticsearch使用的是一种称为倒排索引的结构,采用Lucene倒排索作为底层。这种结构适用于快速的全文搜索,一个索引由文档中所有不重复的列表构成,对于每一个词,都有一个包含它的文档列表。
倒排列表(Posting List)记录了词条对应的文档集合,由倒排索引项(Posting)组成。

倒排索引项主要包含如下信息:

  • 文档id,用于获取原始信息。
  • 词条频率(TF,Term Frequency),记录该词条在文档中出现的次数,用于后续相关性算分。
  • 位置(Position),记录词条在文档中的分词位置(多个),用于做短语搜索(Phrase Query)。
  • 偏移(Offset),记录词条在文档的开始和结束位置,用于做高亮显示。
ElasticSearch简单操作

增加操作

PUT表示创建命令。虽然命令可以小写,但是我们推荐大写。在以REST ful风格返回的结果中:

PUT index/doc/1
{
  "name": "zhangsan",
  "sex": "男"
}

返回结果:

{
  "_index" : "index",
  "_type" : "doc",
  "_id" : "1",
  "_version" : 1,
  "result" : "created",
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 1,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "_seq_no" : 0,
  "_primary_term" : 1
}

结果中的result则是操作类型,现在是created,表示第一次创建。如果我们再次点击执行该命令,那么result则会是updated。我们细心则会发现_version开始是1,现在你每点击一次就会增加一次。表示第几次更改。

{
  "_index" : "index",
  "_type" : "doc",
  "_id" : "1",
  "_version" : 2,
  "result" : "updated",
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 1,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "_seq_no" : 1,
  "_primary_term" : 1
}

查询指定的索引

GET index

返回结果:

{
  "index" : {
    "aliases" : { },
    "mappings" : {
      "properties" : {
        "name" : {
          "type" : "text",
          "fields" : {
            "keyword" : {
              "type" : "keyword",
              "ignore_above" : 256
            }
          }
        },
        "sex" : {
          "type" : "text",
          "fields" : {
            "keyword" : {
              "type" : "keyword",
              "ignore_above" : 256
            }
          }
        }
      }
    },
    "settings" : {
      "index" : {
        "creation_date" : "1597129469439",
        "number_of_shards" : "1",
        "number_of_replicas" : "1",
        "uuid" : "mUo_KvdRTouvu0Kze_RdzQ",
        "version" : {
          "created" : "7060299"
        },
        "provided_name" : "index"
      }
    }
  }
}

查询文档信息

GET index/doc/1

返回结果:

{
  "_index" : "index",
  "_type" : "doc",
  "_id" : "1",
  "_version" : 2,
  "_seq_no" : 1,
  "_primary_term" : 1,
  "found" : true,
  "_source" : {
    "name" : "zhangsan",
    "sex" : "男"
  }
}

_search的使用

GET index/doc/_search

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 38,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 2,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

DSL结构化查询 match的使用

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "age": "18"
    }
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

math_all的用法

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 2,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 19
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

删除索引

删除单条

DELETE index/doc/2

返回结果

{
  "_index" : "index",
  "_type" : "doc",
  "_id" : "2",
  "_version" : 6,
  "result" : "deleted",
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 1,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "_seq_no" : 7,
  "_primary_term" : 1
}

其中result为“deleted”,表示删除

删除所有

DELETE index

返回结果

{
  "acknowledged" : true
}

指定修改字段,使用POST
POST index/doc/2/_update
{
  "doc": {
    "age": 19
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "_index" : "index",
  "_type" : "doc",
  "_id" : "2",
  "_version" : 4,
  "result" : "updated",
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 1,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "_seq_no" : 4,
  "_primary_term" : 1
}

排序

降序

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
  , "sort": [
    {
      "age": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ]
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 4,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "4",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhaoliu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 22
        },
        "sort" : [
          22
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        },
        "sort" : [
          20
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangwu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 19
        },
        "sort" : [
          19
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        },
        "sort" : [
          18
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

升序

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
  , "sort": [
    {
      "age": {
        "order": "asc"
      }
    }
  ]
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 4,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        },
        "sort" : [
          18
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangwu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 19
        },
        "sort" : [
          19
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        },
        "sort" : [
          20
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "4",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhaoliu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 22
        },
        "sort" : [
          22
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}
分页

from:从什么位置开始

size: 每页几条

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "from": 0,
  "size": 2
}

返回结果

{
  "took" : 4,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 4,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

**布尔查询 **

should(or)、must(and)、must_not(not)

should查询 查询名字叫“zhangsan”或者年龄是20的

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        {
          "match": {
            "name": "zhangsan"
          }
        },
        {
          "match": {
            "age": 20
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 7,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 2,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.2039728,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.2039728,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

must查询 查询名字叫“zhangsan”并且年龄是18的

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        {
          "match": {
            "name": "zhangsan"
          }
        },
        {
          "match": {
            "age": 18
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

返回结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 2.2039728,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 2.2039728,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

filter使用,查询年龄大于20岁的

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        {
          "match_all": {}
        }
      ],
      "filter": [
        {
          "range": {
            "age": {
              "gt": 20
             
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
    
  }
}

gt:大于,gte:大于等于,lt:小于, lte:小于等于

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "4",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhaoliu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 22
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

高亮

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "lisi"
    }
  },
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "name": {}
    }
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 46,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.2039728,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.2039728,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        },
        "highlight" : {
          "name" : [
            "<em>lisi</em>"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

高亮,更换默认标签

pre_tags: 开始标签

post_tags: 结束标签

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "lisi"
    }
  },
  "highlight": {
    "pre_tags": "<b style='color: red'>",
    "post_tags": "</b>", 
    "fields": {
      "name": {}
    }
  }
}

返回结果:

{
  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.2039728,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.2039728,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        },
        "highlight" : {
          "name" : [
            "<b style='color: red'>lisi</b>"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

结果字段过滤

_source:可以是单个key, 也可是列表

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "name": "lisi"
    }
  },
  "_source": ["name"]
}

返回结果

{
  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 1,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.2039728,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.2039728,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

聚合

sum(求和)、max(最大)、min(最小)、avg(平均)、group(分组)

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "mysum": {
      "sum": {
        "field": "age"
      }
    }
  }
}

返回结果

{
  "took" : 2,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 4,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangwu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 19
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "4",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhaoliu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 22
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "aggregations" : {
    "mysum" : {
      "value" : 79.0
    }
  }
}

分组

分组以后,对分组进行求和

GET index/doc/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "group": {
      "range": {
        "field": "age",
        "ranges": [
          {
            "from": 10,
            "to": 20
          },
          {
            "from": 20,
            "to": 30
          }
        ]
      },
      "aggs": {
        "mysum": {
          "sum": {
            "field": "age"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

返回结果

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 4,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhangsan",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 18
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "2",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "lisi",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 20
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "wangwu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 19
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "index",
        "_type" : "doc",
        "_id" : "4",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "zhaoliu",
          "sex" : "男",
          "age" : 22
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "aggregations" : {
    "group" : {
      "buckets" : [
        {
          "key" : "10.0-20.0",
          "from" : 10.0,
          "to" : 20.0,
          "doc_count" : 2,
          "mysum" : {
            "value" : 37.0
          }
        },
        {
          "key" : "20.0-30.0",
          "from" : 20.0,
          "to" : 30.0,
          "doc_count" : 2,
          "mysum" : {
            "value" : 42.0
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
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