C++ 类继承的简单例子与理解

ItsNorth

已于 2023-12-12 10:12:21 修改

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分类专栏：大一C++学习日记文章标签： c++

于 2022-04-20 13:24:41 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/han_lx_/article/details/124226912

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1.构造函数与析构函数调用顺序

无其它类对象时：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase1
{
public:
	MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is created!" << endl; }//1
	~MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }//2
};
class MyDerived1 : public MyBase1 
{
public:
	MyDerived1(){cout << "…First layer derived Object is created!" << endl;}//3
	~MyDerived1(){cout << "…First layer derived Object is Destroyed!" << endl;}//4
};
class MyDerived11 : public MyDerived1 
{
public:
	MyDerived11(){cout << "…Second layer derived Object is created!" << endl;}//5
	~MyDerived11(){cout << "…Second layer derived Object is destroyed!" << endl;}//6
};
int main()
{
	MyBase1 a;
	MyDerived1 b;
	MyDerived11 c;
	//函数调用顺序1 13 135 642 42 2
    return 0;
}

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构造函数执行顺序：基类构造函数->派生类构造函数

析构函数执行顺序与构造函数相反

有其它类对象时：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase1
{
public:
	MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is created!" << endl; }//1
	~MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }//2
};
class MyBase2
{
	MyBase1 a1;
public:
	MyBase2(){cout << "…BaseClass2 Object is created!" << endl;}//3
	~MyBase2(){cout << "…BaseClass2 Object is destroyed!" << endl;}//4
};
class MyDerived1 : public MyBase2 {
	MyBase1 a1;
public:
	MyDerived1(){cout << "…First layer derived Object is created!" << endl;}//5
	~MyDerived1(){cout << "…First layer derived Object is Destroyed!" << endl;}//6
};
class MyDerived11 : public MyDerived1 {
public:
	MyDerived11(){cout << "…Second layer derived Object is created!" << endl;}//7
	~MyDerived11(){cout << "…Second layer derived Object is destroyed!" << endl;}//8
};
int main()
{
	MyBase2 a;
	MyDerived1 b;
	MyDerived11 c;
	//函数调用顺序13 1315 13157 86242 6242 42
    return 0;
}

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构造函数执行顺序与无其它类对象基本相同，要注意：

先执行继承部分，再执行类中对象的创建，最后才是该类的构造函数

析构函数执行顺序与构造函数相反

代码中有标注调用顺序，可以自己运行看一下

2.类继承初始化理解

（1）初始化成员列表举例

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase31 {
	int a, b, c;
public:
	MyBase31(int x, int y, int z) :a(x), b(y), c(z)
	{
		cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is created!" << endl;
		cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
	}
	~MyBase31() { cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }
};
class MyBase32 {
	int a, b, c;
public:
	MyBase32(int x, int y, int z)
	{
		cout << "…BaseClass32 Object is created!" << endl;
		cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
		a = x, b = y, c = z;
		cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
	}
	~MyBase32() { cout << "…BaseClass32 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }
};

int main()
{
	MyBase31 a(1, 2, 3);
	MyBase32 b(4, 5, 6);
	return 0;
}

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（2）相关易错分析

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase31 {
	int a, b, c;
public:
	MyBase31(int x, int y, int z) :a(x), b(y), c(z)
	{
		cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is created!" << endl;
		cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
	}
	~MyBase31() { cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }
};
class MyDerived1 : public MyBase31
{
	MyBase31 a(5, 6, 7);// 问题1
	int c;
public:
	MyDerived1(int x) : c(x), MyBase31 (x, 8, 9)
	{
		cout << "…Base Object has been created!" << endl;
		cout << "…Member Object has been created! " << a.x << " " << a.y << " "<< a.z << endl;//问题2
		cout << "…Derived Object is created! " << c << endl;
	}
};
int main()
{
	MyDerived1 b(88);
	return 0;
}

显示编译错误，

错误一：在类中不可以直接进行初始化

错误二：不可以直接调用私有变量

更改后：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase31 {
	int a, b, c;
public:
	MyBase31(int x, int y, int z) :a(x), b(y), c(z)
	{
		cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is created!" << endl;//1
		cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;//1'
	}
	MyBase31()
	{
		cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is created! 123" << endl;//2
	}
	~MyBase31() { cout << "…BaseClass31 Object is destroyed!" << endl; }//3
};
class MyDerived1 : public MyBase31
{
	MyBase31 a;
	int c;
public:
	MyDerived1(int x) : c(x), MyBase31 (x, 8, 9)
	{
		cout << "…Base Object has been created!" << endl;//4
		cout << "…Derived Object is created! " << c << endl;//4'
	}
};
int main()
{
	MyDerived1 b(88);
	return 0;
}
//函数调用顺序：11' 2 44' 3 3

此时可以正常输出结果：

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构造函数执行顺序：

基类成员对象初始化->基类构造函数->派生类成员对象初始化->派生类构造函数

析构函数执行顺序与构造函数相反

3.不同继承方式对象的可见性

（1）public

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase3 {
	int x;
	void fun1() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - fun1()"  << endl; }
protected:
	int y;
	void fun2() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun2()" << endl; }
public:
	int z;
	MyBase3(int a, int b, int c) { x = a; y = b; z = c; }
	MyBase3(){}
	int getX() { cout << "MyBase3-- - x:" << endl; return x; }
	int getY() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - y:"  << endl; return y; }
	int getZ() { cout << "MyBase3-- - z:" << endl; return z; }
	void  fun3() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun3()" << endl; }
};
class MyDerived1 : public MyBase3 {
	int p;
public:
	MyDerived1(int a) : p(a), MyBase3() {};
	int getP() { cout << "MyDerived-- - p:" << endl; return p; }
	int disply()
	{
		cout << p << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << " " << endl;//问题一
		fun1(); //问题二
		cout << endl; 
		fun2();
		cout << endl;  
		fun3();
		cout<< endl;
	}
};
int main()
{
	MyDerived1 a(3);
	a.disply();
	cout << a.x << " " << a.p << " " << a.y << " " << a.z << endl;//问题三
	cout << a.getX() << " " << a.getP() << " " << a.getY() << " " << a.getZ() <<endl;
}

编译错误：

问题一：x是基类私有变量，不能访问

问题二：fun1（）是私有成员函数，不能调用

问题三：x是基类私有变量，不能访问；

p是派生类私有变量，不能访问；

y是protected中变量，只有在派生类中才可以通过派生类对象访问基类的protected成员。

（2）private

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase3 {
	int x;
	void fun1() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - fun1()"  << endl; }
protected:
	int y;
	void fun2() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun2()" << endl; }
public:
	int z;
	MyBase3(int a, int b, int c) { x = a; y = b; z = c; }
	MyBase3(){}
	int getX() { cout << "MyBase3-- - x:" << endl; return x; }
	int getY() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - y:"  << endl; return y; }
	int getZ() { cout << "MyBase3-- - z:" << endl; return z; }
	void  fun3() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun3()" << endl; }
};
class MyDerived2 : private MyBase3 {
	int p;
public:
	MyDerived2(int a) : p(a), MyBase3() {};
	MyDerived2() {}
	int getP() { cout << "MyDerived---p:" << endl; return p; }
	int disply()
	{
		cout << p << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << " " << endl;//问题一
		fun1(); //问题二
		cout << endl;
		fun2();
		cout << endl;
		fun3();
		cout << endl;
	}
};
class MyDerived21 : public MyDerived2
{
	int p;
public:
	MyDerived21(int a) : p(a), MyDerived2(){}
	int getP() { cout << "MyDerived21---p:" << endl; return p; }
	int disply1()
	{
		cout << p << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << " " << endl;//问题三
	}
};
int main(){
	MyDerived2 a(3);
	MyDerived21 b(6);
	a.disply();
	cout << a.x << " " << a.p << " " << a.y << " " << a.z << endl;//问题四
	cout << a.getX() << " " << a.getP() << " " << a.getY() << " " << a.getZ() <<endl;//问题五
	b.disply1();
}

显示编译错误：

问题一：x是基类私有变量，不能访问

问题二：fun1（）是私有成员函数，不能调用

问题三：x是基类私有变量，不能访问；

MyDerived2对MyBase3是私有继承，MyBase3中成员全为私有成员，不可访问

所以y，z均报错

问题四：以上均可理解为私有变量，不可访问

问题五：a中的报错的成员函数由于是私有继承，均不可调用

（3）protected：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyBase3 {
	int x;
	void fun1() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - fun1()"  << endl; }
protected:
	int y;
	void fun2() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun2()" << endl; }
public:
	int z;
	MyBase3(int a, int b, int c) { x = a; y = b; z = c; }
	MyBase3(){}
	int getX() { cout << "MyBase3-- - x:" << endl; return x; }
	int getY() { cout <<"MyBase3-- - y:"  << endl; return y; }
	int getZ() { cout << "MyBase3-- - z:" << endl; return z; }
	void  fun3() { cout << "MyBase3-- - fun3()" << endl; }
};
class MyDerived3 : protected MyBase3
{
	int p;
public:
	MyDerived3(int a) : p(a),MyBase3(){}
	MyDerived3(){}
	int getP() { cout << "MyDerived---p:" << endl; return p; }
	int disply()
	{
		cout << p << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << " " << endl;//问题一
		fun1(); //问题二
		cout << endl;
		fun2();
		cout << endl;
		fun3();
		cout << endl;
	}
};
class MyDerived31 : public MyDerived3 {
	int p;
public:
	MyDerived31(int a) : p(a),MyDerived3(){}
	int getP() { cout << "MyDerived31---p:" << endl; return p; }
	int disply1()
	{
		cout << p << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << " " << endl;//问题三
	}
};
int main()
{
	MyDerived3 a(3);
	MyDerived31 b(6);
	a.disply();
	cout << a.x << " " << a.p << " " << a.y << " " << a.z << endl;//问题四
	cout << a.getX() << " " << a.getP() << " " << a.getY() << " " << a.getZ() <<endl;//问题五
	b.disply1();

}

问题一：x是基类私有变量，不能访问

问题二：fun1（）是私有成员函数，不能调用

问题三：x是基类私有变量，不能访问；

问题四：只有在派生类中才可以通过派生类对象访问基类的protected成员。

问题五：只有在派生类中才可以通过派生类对象访问基类的protected成员。

（4）重写基类的函数调用规则：

class MyBase {
public:
	void f1() { cout << "…MyBase f1-----! 1" << endl; }//1
	void f2() { cout << "…MyBase f2-----! 2" << endl; }//2
};
class MyDerived : public MyBase {
public:
	void f2() { cout << "…MyDerived f2-----! 3" << endl; }//3
	void f22() { MyBase::f2(); cout << "…MyDerived f2-----! 4" << endl; }//4
	void f3() { cout << "…MyDerived f3-----! 5" << endl; }//5
};
int main()
{
	MyDerived a;
	a.f1(); cout << endl;
	a.f2(); cout << endl; 
	a.f3(); cout << endl; 
	a.f22();
}

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只要在派生类中重写基类的函数（函数名相同，参数不一定相同），就无法调用基类的相关函数，此时基类中的函数需要“基类：：函数名”来调用

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C++ 类继承的简单例子与理解

1.构造函数与析构函数调用顺序无其它类对象时：#include<iostream>using namespace std;class MyBase1{public: MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is created!" << endl; }//1 ~MyBase1() { cout << "…BaseClass1 Object is destroyed!" << endl;
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