.NET System.Timers.Timer的原理和使用(开发定时执行程序)

概述(来自MSDN)

Timer 组件是基于服务器的计时器，它使您能够指定在应用程序中引发 Elapsed 事件的周期性间隔。然后可以操控此事件以提供定期处理。例如，假设您有一台关键性服务器，必须每周 7 天、每天 24 小时都保持运行。可以创建一个使用 Timer 的服务，以定期检查服务器并确保系统开启并在运行。如果系统不响应，则该服务可以尝试重新启动服务器或通知管理员。

基于服务器的 Timer 是为在多线程环境中用于辅助线程而设计的。服务器计时器可以在线程间移动来处理引发的 Elapsed 事件，这样就可以比 Windows 计时器更精确地按时引发事件。

基于 Interval 属性的值，Timer 组件引发 Elapsed 事件。可以处理该事件以执行所需的处理。例如，假设您有一个联机销售应用程序，它不断向数据库发送销售订单。编译发货指令的服务分批处理订单，而不是分别处理每个订单。可以使用 Timer 每 30 分钟启动一次批处理。

注意

当 AutoReset设置为false时，Timer只在第一个Interval过后引发一次Elapsed事件。若要保持以Interval时间间隔引发 Elapsed 事件，请将AutoReset设置为true。 
Elapsed事件在ThreadPool线程上引发。如果Elapsed事件的处理时间比Interval长，在另一个hreadPool线程上将会再次引发此事件。因此，事件处理程序应当是可重入的。

注意

在一个线程调用 Stop 方法或将 Enabled 属性设置为 false 的同时，可在另一个线程上运行事件处理方法。这可能导致在计时器停止之后引发 Elapsed 事件。Stop 方法的示例代码演示了一种避免此争用条件的方法。 
如果和用户界面元素（如窗体或控件）一起使用 Timer，请将包含有 Timer 的窗体或控件赋值给SynchronizingObject 属性，以便将此事件封送到用户界面线程中。 Timer 在运行时是不可见的。

 

几点说明

1	private  System.Timers.Timer _TestTimerEvent= new  Timer();

1

1、默认的周期是0.1秒执行一次；

2、AutoReset的初始值为true.

3、它的timer机制和System.Threading.Timer 原理是一样的。

4、每次周期(Timer)运行一次会新起一个线程。

5、如果Elapsed事件的处理时间比Interval长，它每个周期执行都会新起一个线程，这个线程的执行时间不受interval的限定，可以比interval长，因为一个新周期执行，又会新起一个线程，Timer起的线程周期就是事件处理时间。

我们来看它的实现代码.（.net framework 提供的）.

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//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <copyright file="Timer.cs" company="Microsoft"> //     Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved. // </copyright> //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------   namespace  System.Timers {         using  System.Runtime.InteropServices;      using  System.Security;      using  System.Security.Permissions;      using  System.Threading;      using  System.ComponentModel;      using  System.ComponentModel.Design;      using  System;      using  Microsoft.Win32;      using  Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;        /// <devdoc>      ///    <para>Handles recurring events in an application.</para>      /// </devdoc>      [      DefaultProperty( "Interval" ),      DefaultEvent( "Elapsed" ),      HostProtection(Synchronization= true , ExternalThreading= true )      ]      public  class  Timer : Component, ISupportInitialize {          private  double  interval;          private  bool   enabled;          private  bool  initializing;          private  bool  delayedEnable;          private  ElapsedEventHandler onIntervalElapsed;          private  bool  autoReset;          private  ISynchronizeInvoke synchronizingObject;          private  bool  disposed;          private  System.Threading.Timer timer;          private  TimerCallback callback;          private  Object cookie;            /// <devdoc>          /// <para>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer'/> class, with the properties          ///    set to initial values.</para>          /// </devdoc>          public  Timer()          : base () {              interval = 100;              enabled = false ;              autoReset = true ;              initializing = false ;              delayedEnable = false ;              callback = new  TimerCallback( this .MyTimerCallback);          }             /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>          ///       Initializes a new instance of the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer'/> class, setting the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer.Interval'/> property to the specified period.          ///    </para>          /// </devdoc>          public  Timer( double  interval)          : this () {              if  (interval <= 0)                  throw  new  ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.InvalidParameter, "interval" , interval));                int  i = ( int )Math.Ceiling(interval);              if ( i < 0) {                  throw  new  ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.InvalidParameter, "interval" , interval));              }                 this .interval = interval;          }             /// <devdoc>          /// <para>Gets or sets a value indicating whether the Timer raises the Tick event each time the specified          /// Interval has elapsed,          ///    when Enabled is set to true.</para>          /// </devdoc>          [Category( "Behavior" ),  TimersDescription(SR.TimerAutoReset), DefaultValue( true )]          public  bool  AutoReset {              get  {                  return  this .autoReset;              }                 set  {                  if  (DesignMode)                       this .autoReset = value;                  else  if  ( this .autoReset != value) {                       this .autoReset = value;                      if ( timer != null ) {                           UpdateTimer();                      }                  }              }          }            /// <devdoc>          /// <para>Gets or sets a value indicating whether the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer'/>          /// is able          /// to raise events at a defined interval.</para>          /// </devdoc>          //[....] - The default value by design is false, don't change it.          [Category( "Behavior" ), TimersDescription(SR.TimerEnabled), DefaultValue( false )]          public  bool  Enabled {              get  {                  return  this .enabled;              }                 set  {                  if  (DesignMode) {                      this .delayedEnable = value;                      this .enabled = value;                  }                  else  if  (initializing)                      this .delayedEnable = value;                  else  if  (enabled != value) {                      if  (!value) {                          if ( timer != null ) {                              cookie = null ;                              timer.Dispose();                              timer = null ;                          }                          enabled = value;                      }                      else  {                          enabled = value;                          if ( timer == null ) {                              if  (disposed) {                                  throw  new  ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);                              }                                int  i = ( int )Math.Ceiling(interval);                              cookie = new  Object();                              timer = new  System.Threading.Timer(callback, cookie, i, autoReset? i:Timeout.Infinite);                          }                          else  {                              UpdateTimer();                          }                      }                    }            }          }                private  void  UpdateTimer() {              int  i = ( int )Math.Ceiling(interval);              timer.Change(i, autoReset? i :Timeout.Infinite );          }            /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>Gets or          ///       sets the interval on which          ///       to raise events.</para>          /// </devdoc>          [Category( "Behavior" ), TimersDescription(SR.TimerInterval), DefaultValue(100d), RecommendedAsConfigurable( true )]          public  double  Interval {              get  {                  return  this .interval;              }                set  {                  if  (value <= 0)                      throw  new  ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.TimerInvalidInterval, value, 0));                     interval = value;                  if  (timer != null ) {                      UpdateTimer();                  }              }          }               /// <devdoc>          /// <para>Occurs when the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer.Interval'/> has          ///    elapsed.</para>          /// </devdoc>          [Category( "Behavior" ), TimersDescription(SR.TimerIntervalElapsed)]          public  event  ElapsedEventHandler Elapsed {              add {                  onIntervalElapsed += value;              }              remove {                  onIntervalElapsed -= value;              }          }             /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>          ///       Sets the enable property in design mode to true by default.          ///    </para>          /// </devdoc>          /// <internalonly/>          public  override  ISite Site {              set  {                  base .Site = value;                  if  ( this .DesignMode)                      this .enabled= true ;              }                get  {                  return  base .Site;              }          }               /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>Gets or sets the object used to marshal event-handler calls that are issued when          ///       an interval has elapsed.</para>          /// </devdoc>          [          Browsable( false ),          DefaultValue( null ),          TimersDescription(SR.TimerSynchronizingObject)          ]          public  ISynchronizeInvoke SynchronizingObject {              get  {                  if  ( this .synchronizingObject == null  && DesignMode) {                      IDesignerHost host = (IDesignerHost)GetService( typeof (IDesignerHost));                      if  (host != null ) {                          object  baseComponent = host.RootComponent;                          if  (baseComponent != null  && baseComponent is  ISynchronizeInvoke)                              this .synchronizingObject = (ISynchronizeInvoke)baseComponent;                      }                  }                     return  this .synchronizingObject;              }                set  {                  this .synchronizingObject = value;              }          }             /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>          ///       Notifies          ///       the object that initialization is beginning and tells it to stand by.          ///    </para>          /// </devdoc>          public  void  BeginInit() {              this .Close();              this .initializing = true ;          }            /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>Disposes of the resources (other than memory) used by          ///       the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer'/>.</para>          /// </devdoc>          public  void  Close() {              initializing = false ;              delayedEnable = false ;              enabled = false ;                if  (timer != null  ) {                  timer.Dispose();                  timer = null ;              }          }            /// <internalonly/>          /// <devdoc>          /// </devdoc>          protected  override  void  Dispose( bool  disposing) {              Close();              this .disposed = true ;              base .Dispose(disposing);          }            /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>          ///       Notifies the object that initialization is complete.          ///    </para>          /// </devdoc>          public  void  EndInit() {              this .initializing = false ;              this .Enabled = this .delayedEnable;          }             /// <devdoc>          /// <para>Starts the timing by setting <see cref='System.Timers.Timer.Enabled'/> to <see langword='true'/>.</para>          /// </devdoc>          public  void  Start() {              Enabled = true ;          }             /// <devdoc>          ///    <para>          ///       Stops the timing by setting <see cref='System.Timers.Timer.Enabled'/> to <see langword='false'/>.          ///    </para>          /// </devdoc>          public  void  Stop() {              Enabled = false ;          }             private  void  MyTimerCallback( object  state) {              // System.Threading.Timer will not cancel the work item queued before the timer is stopped.              // We don't want to handle the callback after a timer is stopped.              if ( state != cookie) {                  return ;              }                if  (! this .autoReset) {                  enabled = false ;              }                 FILE_TIME filetime = new  FILE_TIME();              GetSystemTimeAsFileTime( ref  filetime);              ElapsedEventArgs elapsedEventArgs = new  ElapsedEventArgs(filetime.ftTimeLow, filetime.ftTimeHigh);              try  {                  // To avoid ---- between remove handler and raising the event                  ElapsedEventHandler intervalElapsed = this .onIntervalElapsed;                  if  (intervalElapsed != null ) {                      if  ( this .SynchronizingObject != null  && this .SynchronizingObject.InvokeRequired)                          this .SynchronizingObject.BeginInvoke(intervalElapsed, new  object []{ this , elapsedEventArgs});                      else                         intervalElapsed( this ,  elapsedEventArgs);                  }              }              catch  {              }          }            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]          internal  struct  FILE_TIME {              internal  int  ftTimeLow;              internal  int  ftTimeHigh;          }            [DllImport(ExternDll.Kernel32), SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurityAttribute()]          internal  static  extern  void  GetSystemTimeAsFileTime( ref  FILE_TIME lpSystemTimeAsFileTime);            } }      // File provided for Reference Use Only by Microsoft Corporation (c) 2007.

在初始化的时候它的代码实现是这样的.

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public  Timer() : base () {      interval = 100;      enabled = false ;      autoReset = true ;      initializing = false ;      delayedEnable = false ;      callback = new  TimerCallback( this .MyTimerCallback); }

 

 

而如果你是这样的话

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public  Timer( double  interval)         : this () {             if  (interval <= 0)                 throw  new  ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.InvalidParameter, "interval" , interval));               int  i = ( int )Math.Ceiling(interval);             if ( i < 0) {                 throw  new  ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.InvalidParameter, "interval" , interval));             }               this .interval = interval;         }

 

 

你就需要再设置下AutoReset = True;

 

我们加载事件的Elapsed的代码实现是这样的.

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/// <devdoc> /// <para>Occurs when the <see cref='System.Timers.Timer.Interval'/> has ///    elapsed.</para> /// </devdoc> [Category( "Behavior" ), TimersDescription(SR.TimerIntervalElapsed)] public  event  ElapsedEventHandler Elapsed {      add {          onIntervalElapsed += value;      }      remove {          onIntervalElapsed -= value;      } }

 

 

对它的基本原理有一定了解后，我们开始写一个简单的实现程序。

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using  System; using  System.Collections.Generic; using  System.Linq; using  System.Text; using  System.Threading; using  Timer = System.Timers.Timer; using  System.Timers;   namespace  TestMultipleThread {        public  class  ThreadWork      {          private  System.Timers.Timer _TestTimerEvent;            public  void  StartWork()          {              _TestTimerEvent = new  Timer();              _TestTimerEvent.Elapsed += Sum;              _TestTimerEvent.Start();          }            public  static  object  lockobject = new  object ();              private  void  Sum( object  sender, ElapsedEventArgs e)          {              Console.WriteLine( string .Format( "this is thread ID {0}  execute" , Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId));              for  ( int  i = 0; i < 10000; i++)              {                  Thread.Sleep(10);              }          }      }        class  Program      {          public  static  void  Main()          {              ThreadWork threadWork = new  ThreadWork();              ThreadStart myThreadDelegate = new  ThreadStart(threadWork.StartWork);              Thread myThread = new  Thread(myThreadDelegate);              myThread.Start();                Thread.Sleep(1000000);          }      } }

 

 

查看的运行结果是:

 

我们看下执行的线程数有多少

 

能说明的一个问题就是在timer每次执行时都会新起一个线程来执行。

 

作者：spring yang

出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/springyangwc/

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