linux下的dhcp服务器

1.dhcp：dynamic host configuration protocol（动态主机配置协议）

作用：利用一台主机自动分配所有的网络参数给每台客户机。

2.使用的c/s（client/server）结构：server：dhcp server   udp：67

   client：dhcp client    udp：68（端口和协议）

3.c/s结构

4.DHCP四步租约

（1）客户机请求ip（dhcp discover）

       首先客户机要设置为dhcp启动，在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eht0这个文件中的bootproto选项设置成dhcp。客户机会发送出查找dhcp服务器的udp数据报给国有物理网段内的计算机。数据包的目标是（255.255.255.255）。

（2）服务器响应（dhcp offer）（ip/netmask)

      服务器接受到了请求，会针对用户的mac地址和本身设置进行ip分配。

（3）客户机选择ip （dhcp request）

      经过offer，客户机会在服务器提供的网络参数进行选择ip

（4）服务器确认 （dhcp ack）

      服务器确认客户选择的ip，并且开始计算租约时间，一般客户机脱机ip地址收回，和客户机的租约到期ip收回。

5.dhcp的主要文件

（1）/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf：这是配置文件，我将配置文件分几个模块给大家讲解下。

# DHCP Server Configuration file.   //这是dhcp的配置文件
#   see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.sample //查看这个文件
#   see 'man 5 dhcpd.conf'   //man
上面是我安装dhcp，首次进入到配置文件中的显示，会发现里面没有任何配置只有这几行的代码，不要慌，这不是你的错，你要将第二行的文件复制过来就可以了。

[root@localhost /]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

这样就可以看见配置了！！！

下面是配置文件的内容

# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#

全局设置

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";             //域名在/etc/resolv.conf设置一个search google.com 当你查找主机名的时候dns会主动帮你加上这个域名的后缀。
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;    //dns的ip


default-lease-time 600;         //默认的租约时间
max-lease-time 7200;          //最大的租约时间


# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;    //动态dns，更新主机名和ip的对应的关系


# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;


# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;        日志文件

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

子网分配设置

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the 
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.


subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}


# This is a very basic subnet declaration.


subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
  range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;      //分配网络的范围
  option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;
}


# This declaration allows BOOTP clients to get dynamic addresses,
# which we don't really recommend.


subnet 10.254.239.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
  range dynamic-bootp 10.254.239.40 10.254.239.60;    //动态的地址范围
  option broadcast-address 10.254.239.31;        //广播地址，这个可以设置成全局的
  option routers rtr-239-32-1.example.org;         //网管
}


# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
  range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
  option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;    //这是全局的这里面可以删除使用的全局变量
  option domain-name "internal.example.org";
  option routers 10.5.5.1;        //网关
  option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;     //广播地址
  default-lease-time 600;    //默认的租约时间
  max-lease-time 7200;     //最大的租约时间
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

主机设置
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Hosts which require special configuration options can be listed in
# host statements.   If no address is specified, the address will be
# allocated dynamically (if possible), but the host-specific information
# will still come from the host declaration.


host passacaglia {
  hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:5d:bd:95;      //这几的ip地址
  filename "vmunix.passacaglia";          //
  server-name "toccata.fugue.com";
}


# Fixed IP addresses can also be specified for hosts.   These addresses
# should not also be listed as being available for dynamic assignment.
# Hosts for which fixed IP addresses have been specified can boot using
# BOOTP or DHCP.   Hosts for which no fixed address is specified can only
# be booted with DHCP, unless there is an address range on the subnet
# to which a BOOTP client is connected which has the dynamic-bootp flag
# set.
host fantasia {
  hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;      //mac地址
  fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com;          //只是固定的ip地址，也就是上面主机特定的ip
}


# You can declare a class of clients and then do address allocation
# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#


# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;


default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;


# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;


# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;


# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;


# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
  配置文件总结                                                      

定义dhcpd自身的工作属性：

log-facility: 日志facilify

大部分是全局设置
全局地址分配属性：option打头
option router
子网配置：
通常每个作用域通过一个subnet定义
subnet NETWORK_ADDR netmask NETMASK {
range 
option routers 
}
主机配置：
通常为某特定MAC地址固定的分配一个地址
host 'HOST ID' {
hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;
fixed-address IP;
}

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6.中继dhcp

工作原理

1) DHCP客户机申请IP租约，发送DHCPDiscover包。

2) 中继代理收到该包，并转发给另一个网段的DHCP服务器。

3) DHCP服务器收到该包，将DHCPOffer包发送给中继代理。

4) 中继代理将地址租约（DHCPOffer）转发给DHCP客户端。