乐观锁的理解

悲观锁假定任何时刻存取数据时，都有可能有另一个客户也正在存取同一笔资料，因而对资料采取了资料库层次的锁定状态，在锁定的时间内其他的客户不能对资料进行存取，对于单机或小系统而言，这并不成问题，然而如果是在网路上的系统，同时刻会有许多连线，如果每一次读取资料都造成锁定，那后面的存取就必须等待，这将造成效能上的问题，造成后面使用者的长时间等待。

乐观锁定则认为资料的存取很少发生同时存取的问题，因而不作资料库层次上的锁定，为了维护正确的资料，乐观锁定使用应用程式上的逻辑实现版本控制的解决。在不实行悲观锁定策略的情况下，资料不一致的情况一但发生，就会造成资料不一致。Hibernate的乐观锁处理是在数据中加入一个version栏位记录，在读取数据时，连同版本号一同读取，并在更新资料时对比版本号与数据库中的版本号，如果等于数据库中的版本号则予以更新，并递增版本号，如果小于资料库中的版本号就抛出异常。

新建一个表event。

create table event(id integer primary key,version integer,title varchar(20))

新建Event.java

package com;

public class Event {

 private int id;
 private String title;
 private int version;
 Event(){  }

 public int getId() {
  return id;
 }

 public void setId(int id) {
  this.id = id;
 }

 public String getTitle() {
  return title;
 }

 public void setTitle(String title) {
  this.title = title;
 }

 public int getVersion() {
  return version;
 }

 public void setVersion(int version) {
  this.version = version;
 }
}

文件Event.hbm.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">

<hibernate-mapping>
 <class name="com.Event" table="Event">
                <id name="id"  column="id" length="32">
   <generator class="increment" />
  </id>
  <version name="version"
    column="version" type="java.lang.Integer" >
  </version>
  <property name="title" column="title"/>
 </class>
</hibernate-mapping>

程序HibernateSessionFactory.java

package com;

import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;

public class HibernateSessionFactory {

    private static String CONFIG_FILE_LOCATION = "/hibernate.cfg.xml";
 private static final ThreadLocal<Session> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Session>();
    private  static Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    private static org.hibernate.SessionFactory sessionFactory;
    private static String configFile = CONFIG_FILE_LOCATION;

    private HibernateSessionFactory() {
    }
     public static Session getSession() throws HibernateException {
        Session session = (Session) threadLocal.get();

  if (session == null || !session.isOpen()) {
   if (sessionFactory == null) {
    rebuildSessionFactory();
   }
   session = (sessionFactory != null) ? sessionFactory.openSession()
     : null;
   threadLocal.set(session);
  }

        return session;
    }

  public static void rebuildSessionFactory() {
  try {
   configuration.configure(configFile);
   sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
  } catch (Exception e) {
   System.err
     .println("%%%% Error Creating SessionFactory %%%%");
   e.printStackTrace();
  }
 }

     public static void closeSession() throws HibernateException {
        Session session = (Session) threadLocal.get();
        threadLocal.set(null);

        if (session != null) {
            session.close();
        }
    }

  public static org.hibernate.SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
  return sessionFactory;
 }

  public static void setConfigFile(String configFile) {
  HibernateSessionFactory.configFile = configFile;
  sessionFactory = null;
 }

  public static Configuration getConfiguration() {
  return configuration;
 }

}

程序BaseHibernateDAO.java

package com;

import org.hibernate.Session;

public class BaseHibernateDAO {

 public Session getSession() {
    return HibernateSessionFactory.getSession();
 }

 public void closeSession(){
  HibernateSessionFactory.closeSession();
 }
}

测试程序EventDao.java

package com;

import java.util.Date;

import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import com.Event;

public class EventDao extends BaseHibernateDAO{

 public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
  new EventDao().add();
    } 
 public void add() throws Exception {
    Session sess = this.getSession();
    Transaction tran = sess.beginTransaction();
    try{
     tran.begin();

 /***/
     Event event = new Event();
    // Event event = (Event)sess.load(Event.class, 1);
     event.setTitle("First super star");
/***/
     sess.save(event);
     tran.commit();
    }catch(Exception e){
     e.printStackTrace();
    }finally{
     this.closeSession();
    }
 }

执行EventDao.java

可以看到数据库中添加了数据，这是version的值是0。然后把程序中/***/的部分改一下

//Event event = new Event();
Event event = (Event)sess.load(Event.class, 1);
event.setTitle("Second super star");

在执行，查询数据库，会发现version的数据递增成1了。

现在来测试一个例子，看看出现异常的情况。

首先要改程序HibernateSessionFactory.java里的getSession方法。

public static Session getSession() throws HibernateException {
        Session session = (Session) threadLocal.get();

        if (sessionFactory == null) {
          rebuildSessionFactory();
        }
        return sessionFactory.openSession();
}

这时修改EventDao.java

package com;

import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import com.Event;

public class EventDao extends BaseHibernateDAO{

 public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
  new EventDao().add();
 } 
 public void add() throws Exception {
    Session sess1 = this.getSession();
    Session sess2 = this.getSession();
    Transaction tran1 = sess1.beginTransaction();
    Transaction tran2 = sess2.beginTransaction();
    try{
     Event event1 = (Event)sess1.load(Event.class, 1);
     Event event2 = (Event)sess2.load(Event.class, 1);
     System.out.println("v1 v2:"+event1.getVersion()+" "+event2.getVersion());
     tran1.begin();
     event1.setTitle("Modify one");
     sess1.save(event1);
     tran1.commit();

     System.out.println("v1 v2:"+event1.getVersion()+" "+event2.getVersion());
     tran2.begin();
     event2.setTitle("Modify two");
     sess2.save(event2);
     tran2.commit();

     sess1.close();
     sess2.close();
    }catch(Exception e){
     e.printStackTrace();
    }

 }

 }

运行，可以看到控制台上的输出。

Hibernate: select event0_.id as id0_0_, event0_.version as version0_0_, event0_.title as title0_0_ from event event0_ where event0_.id=?
Hibernate: select event0_.id as id0_0_, event0_.version as version0_0_, event0_.title as title0_0_ from event event0_ where event0_.id=?
v1 v2:12 12
Hibernate: update event set version=?, title=? where id=? and version=?
v1 v2:13 12
Hibernate: update event set version=?, title=? where id=? and version=?

严重: Could not synchronize database state with session
org.hibernate.StaleObjectStateException: Row was updated or deleted by another transaction (or unsaved-value mapping was incorrect): [com.Event#1]

这时就是在event2更新时发生了版本异常。

要注意的是，乐观锁是在程序里做的控制，如果在更新数据时，人为的改变version的值，那么保存时，数据一样会被成功保存，这样锁定机制就有问题了，在设计时要注意。