Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Jones Request for Comments: 7519 Microsoft Category: Standards Track J. Bradley ISSN: 2070-1721 Ping Identity N. Sakimura NRI May 2015 JSON Web Token (JWT) Abstract JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519. Jones, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) May 2015 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Jones, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) May 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. JSON Web Token (JWT) Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Example JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. JWT Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Registered Claim Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.1. "iss" (Issuer) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.2. "sub" (Subject) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.3. "aud" (Audience) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.4. "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.5. "nbf" (Not Before) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1.6. "iat" (Issued At) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1.7. "jti" (JWT ID) Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2. Public Claim Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3. Private Claim Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. JOSE Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.2. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.3. Replicating Claims as Header Parameters . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Unsecured JWTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1. Example Unsecured JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. Creating and Validating JWTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1. Creating a JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.2. Validating a JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.3. String Comparison Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. Implementation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9. URI for Declaring that Content is a JWT . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1. JSON Web Token Claims Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.1.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.2. Sub-Namespace Registration of urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.2.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.3. Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10.3.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10.4. Header Parameter Names Registration . . . . . . . . . . 20 10.4.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.1. Trust Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.2. Signing and Encryption Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 12. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Jones, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) May 2015 Appendix A. JWT Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A.1. Example Encrypted JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A.2. Example Nested JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Appendix B. Relationship of JWTs to SAML Assertions . . . . . . 28 Appendix C. Relationship of JWTs to Simple Web Tokens (SWTs) . . 28 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Introduction JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact claims representation format intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP Authorization headers and URI query parameters. JWTs encode claims to be transmitted as a JSON [RFC7159] object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. JWTs are always represented using the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact Serialization. The suggested pronunciation of JWT is the same as the English word "jot". 1.1. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119]. The interpretation should only be applied when the terms appear in all capital letters. 2. Terminology The terms "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", "Base64url Encoding", "Header Parameter", "JOSE Header", "JWS Compact Serialization", "JWS Payload", "JWS Signature", and "Unsecured JWS" are defined by the JWS specification [JWS]. The terms "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", "Content Encryption Key (CEK)", "JWE Compact Serialization", "JWE Encrypted Key", and "JWE Initialization Vector" are defined by the JWE specification [JWE]. The terms "Ciphertext", "Digital Signature", "Message Authentication Code (MAC)", and "Plaintext" are defined by the "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2" [RFC4949]. Jones, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) May 2015 These terms are defined by this specification: JSON Web Token (JWT) A string representing a set of claims as a JSON object that is encoded in a JWS or JWE, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or MACed and/or encrypted. JWT Claims Set A JSON object that contains the claims conveyed by the JWT. Claim A piece of information asserted about a subject. A claim is represented as a name/value pair consisting of a Claim Name and a Claim Value. Claim Name The name portion of a claim representation. A Claim Name is always a string. Claim Value The value portion of a claim representation. A Claim Value can be any JSON value. Nested JWT A JWT in which nested signing and/or encryption are employed. In Nested JWTs, a JWT is used as the payload or plaintext value of an enclosing JWS or JWE structure, respectively. Unsecured JWT A JWT whose claims are not integrity protected or encrypted. Collision-Resistant Name A name in a namespace that enables names to be allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other names. Examples of collision-resistant namespaces include: Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122]. When using an administratively delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the portion of the namespace they use to define the name. StringOrURI A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value containing a ":" character MUST be a URI [RFC3986]. StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied. Jones, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 7519 JSON Web Token (JWT) May 2015 NumericDate A JSON numeric value representing the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z UTC until the specified UTC date/time, ignoring leap seconds. This is equivalent to the IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition [POSIX.1] definition "Seconds Since the Epoch", in which each day is accounted for by exactly 86400 seconds, other than that non-integer values can be represented. See RFC 3339 [RFC3339] for details regarding date/times in general and UTC in particular. 3. JSON Web Token (JWT) Overview JWTs represent a set of claims as a JSON object that is encoded in a JWS and/or JWE structure. This JSON object is the JWT Claims Set. As per Section 4 of RFC 7159 [RFC7159], the JSON object consists of zero or more name/value pairs (or members), where the names are strings and the values are arbitrary JSON values. These members are the claims represented by the JWT. This JSON object MAY contain whitespace and/or line breaks before or after any JSON values or structural characters, in accordance with Section 2 of RFC 7159 [RFC7159]. The member names within the JWT Claims Set are referred to as Claim Names. The corresponding values are referred to as Claim Values. The contents of the JOSE Header describe the cryptographic operations applied to the JWT Claims Set. If the JOSE Header is for a JWS, the JWT is represented as a JWS and the claims are digitally signed or MACed, with the JWT Claims Set being the JWS Payload. If the JOSE Header is for a JWE, the JWT is represented as a JWE and the claims are encrypted, with the JWT Claims Set being the plaintext encrypted by the JWE. A JWT may be enclosed in another JWE or JWS structure to create a Nested JWT, enabling nested signing and encryption to be performed. A JWT is represented as a sequence of URL-safe
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