基于.NET 2.0的GIS开源项目SharpMap分析手记（三）：地图渲染分析

 

1 运行过程

我们通过实例来讲述SharpMap的运行过程和渲染（绘制）机制。首先打开Simple.aspx，可知此页面有一组单选框（3个，分别是放大、缩小和漫游）和一个图像按钮，用于显示地图。它的代码在Simple.aspx.cs中。

打开Simple.aspx.cs，在Page_Load函数中是页面初始化代码。可知地图生成分两步：

1.1 初始化地图

//Set up the map. We use the method in the App_Code folder for initializing the map

myMap = MapHelper.InitializeMap(new

 System.Drawing.Size((int)imgMap.Width.Value,(int)imgMap.Height.Value));

我们找到MapHelper.InitializeMap函数，发现地图的初始化分为以下几步：

（1）创建地图，创建图层

//Initialize a new map of size 'imagesize'

SharpMap.Map map = new SharpMap.Map(size);

                            

//Set up the countries layer

SharpMap.Layers.VectorLayer layCountries = new SharpMap.Layers.VectorLayer("Countries");

//Set the datasource to a shapefile in the App_data folder

layCountries.DataSource = new

SharpMap.Data.Providers.ShapeFile(HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(@"~/App_data/countries.shp"), true);

 

（2）基本的图层显示设置

//Set fill-style to green

layCountries.Style.Fill = new SolidBrush(Color.Green);

//Set the polygons to have a black outline

layCountries.Style.Outline = System.Drawing.Pens.Black;

layCountries.Style.EnableOutline = true;

layCountries.SRID = 4326;

 

（3）加入图层到地图

//Add the layers to the map object.

//The order we add them in are the order they are drawn, so we add the rivers last to put them on top

map.Layers.Add(layCountries);

map.Layers.Add(layRivers);

map.Layers.Add(layCities);

map.Layers.Add(layLabel);

map.Layers.Add(layCityLabel);

 

（4）地图放缩、背景、中心等设置

//limit the zoom to 360 degrees width

map.MaximumZoom = 360;

map.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;

 

map.Zoom = 360;

map.Center = new SharpMap.Geometries.Point(0,0);

 

1.2 绘制并生成地图

我们回到Simple.aspx.cs的Page_Load函数，发现下一步调用GenerateMap();

//This is the initial view of the map. Zoom to the extents of the map:

//myMap.ZoomToExtents();

//or center on 0,0 and zoom to full earth (360 degrees)

//myMap.Center = new SharpMap.Geometries.Point(0,0);

//myMap.Zoom = 360;

//Create the map

GenerateMap();

在同一文件中，GenerateMap()包含以下两步：

（1）保存当前地图状态

//Save the current mapcenter and zoom in the viewstate

ViewState.Add("mapCenter", myMap.Center);

ViewState.Add("mapZoom", myMap.Zoom);

（2）渲染地图

//Render map

System.Drawing.Image img = myMap.GetMap();

string imgID = SharpMap.Web.Caching.InsertIntoCache(1, img);

imgMap.ImageUrl = "getmap.aspx?ID=" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(imgID);

它的核心就是通过myMap.GetMap()创建了一个地图图片。我们来看看这个GetMap()函数。

在Map.cs文件中找到GetMap()函数，它分为以下几步：

①创建图像，得到图像绘制环境参数

System.Drawing.Image img = new System.Drawing.Bitmap(this.Size.Width, this.Size.Height);

System.Drawing.Graphics g = System.Drawing.Graphics.FromImage(img);

g.Transform = this.MapTransform;

g.Clear(this.BackColor);

g.PageUnit = System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Pixel;

②绘制图层

int SRID = (Layers.Count > 0 ? Layers[0].SRID : -1); //Get the SRID of the first layer

for (int i = 0; i < _Layers.Count; i++)

{

if (_Layers[i].Enabled && _Layers[i].MaxVisible >= this.Zoom && _Layers[i].MinVisible < this.Zoom)

_Layers[i].Render(g, this);

}

关键在于_Layers[i].Render(g, this)，它是ILayer接口的一个函数，我们找VectorLayer的实现来看看，它分为两种，一种是专题地图，一种是非专题地图绘制。

对于专题地图，它针对SharpMap.Data.FeatureDataTable的每一个feature进行绘制，先绘制其外框，再绘制内部几何体。对于非专题地图，它针对this.DataSource.GetGeometriesInView(envelope)得到的几何体进行绘制，也是先绘制其外框，再绘制内部几何体。最后的绘制工作都调用SharpMap.Rendering.VectorRenderer类的函数完成。SharpMap.Rendering.VectorRenderer类包含绘制注记、线串、多线串、多点、多多边形、点、多边形等。

绘制好图层后将激发LayerRendered事件：

if(LayerRendered!=null) LayerRendered(this, g); //Fire event

绘制好地图后将激发Map类的MapRendered 事件：

if (MapRendered != null) MapRendered(g); //Fire render event

2 SharpMap.Rendering.VectorRenderer的各个函数具体分析

现在我们对渲染地图的全过程已经有了个总体概念和初步理解，下面来具体看一下SharpMap.Rendering.VectorRenderer的各个函数：

2.1 DrawLabel

        ///

        /// Renders a label to the map.

        ///

        /// Graphics reference

        /// Label placement

        /// Offset of label in screen coordinates

        /// Font used for rendering

        /// Font forecolor

        /// Background color

        /// Color of halo

        /// Text rotation in degrees

        /// Text to render

        /// Map reference

public static void DrawLabel(System.Drawing.Graphics g, System.Drawing.PointF LabelPoint, System.Drawing.PointF Offset, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.Color forecolor, System.Drawing.Brush backcolor, System.Drawing.Pen halo, float rotation, string text, SharpMap.Map map)

这里面要注意的是这是绘制使用的函数是DrawPath和FillPath，而且是作者从DrawString改进的，可能是为了绘制过程的统一，因为其它几何体的具体绘制也使用DrawPath。

if (halo != null)

g.DrawPath(halo, path);

g.FillPath(new System.Drawing.SolidBrush(forecolor), path);

//g.DrawString(text, font, new System.Drawing.SolidBrush(forecolor), LabelPoint.X, LabelPoint.Y);

2.2 DrawLineString

///

/// Renders a LineString to the map.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// LineString to render

/// Pen style used for rendering

/// Map reference

public static void DrawLineString(System.Drawing.Graphics g, Geometries.LineString line, System.Drawing.Pen pen, SharpMap.Map map)

这个函数很简单，也是采用DrawPath进行具体绘制。

2.3 DrawMultiLineString

///

/// Renders a MultiLineString to the map.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// MultiLineString to be rendered

/// Pen style used for rendering

/// Map reference

public static void DrawMultiLineString(System.Drawing.Graphics g,

Geometries.MultiLineString lines, System.Drawing.Pen pen, SharpMap.Map map)

它通过循环调用DrawLineString来进行绘制。

2.4 DrawMultiPoint

///

/// Renders a to the map.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// MultiPoint to render

/// Symbol to place over point

/// The amount that the symbol should be scaled. A scale of '1' equals to no scaling

/// Symbol offset af scale=1

/// Symbol rotation in degrees

/// Map reference

public static void DrawMultiPoint(System.Drawing.Graphics g, Geometries.MultiPoint points, System.Drawing.Bitmap symbol, float symbolscale, System.Drawing.PointF offset, float rotation, SharpMap.Map map)

它通过循环调用DrawPoint来进行绘制。

2.5 DrawMultiPolygon

///

/// Renders a multipolygon byt rendering each polygon in the collection by calling DrawPolygon.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// MultiPolygon to render

/// Brush used for filling (null or transparent for no filling)

/// Outline pen style (null if no outline)

/// Specifies whether polygon clipping should be applied

/// Map reference

public static void DrawMultiPolygon(System.Drawing.Graphics g, Geometries.MultiPolygon pols, System.Drawing.Brush brush, System.Drawing.Pen pen, bool clip, SharpMap.Map map)

它通过循环调用DrawPolygon来进行绘制。

2.6 DrawPoint

///

/// Renders a point to the map.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// Point to render

/// Symbol to place over point

/// The amount that the symbol should be scaled. A scale of '1' equals to no scaling

/// Symbol offset af scale=1

/// Symbol rotation in degrees

/// Map reference

public static void DrawPoint(System.Drawing.Graphics g, SharpMap.Geometries.Point point, System.Drawing.Bitmap symbol, float symbolscale, System.Drawing.PointF offset, float rotation, SharpMap.Map map)

其中，symbol参数为一个位图，代表点的符号，这说明SharpMap暂时只支持位图符号，不支持矢量符号绘制。最终绘制调用DrawImage。

2.7 DrawPolygon

///

/// Renders a polygon to the map.

///

/// Graphics reference

/// Polygon to render

/// Brush used for filling (null or transparent for no filling)

/// Outline pen style (null if no outline)

/// Specifies whether polygon clipping should be applied

/// Map reference

public static void DrawPolygon(System.Drawing.Graphics g, SharpMap.Geometries.Polygon pol, System.Drawing.Brush brush, System.Drawing.Pen pen, bool clip, SharpMap.Map map)

它只支持用不同的画刷和画笔来绘制多边形，也是采用DrawPath进行具体绘制。

3 总结

结合源代码，本文对SharpMap的渲染机制进行了初步探讨。现阶段SharpMap（0.9版）只支持位图点符号和基本的线和多边形风格，对于矢量符号还没有什么支持。这对于网上电子地图还是可以的，但如果要用于打印出版就略嫌不足，希望以后能扩充这方面。另外，对于 用XAML渲染地图和分级图（Gradient Map）等，也将放在以后做进一步讨论。