Java19的新特性

Java语言特性系列

• Java5的新特性
• Java6的新特性
• Java7的新特性
• Java8的新特性
• Java9的新特性
• Java10的新特性
• Java11的新特性
• Java12的新特性
• Java13的新特性
• Java14的新特性
• Java15的新特性
• Java16的新特性
• Java17的新特性
• Java18的新特性
• Java19的新特性
• Java20的新特性

序

本文主要讲述一下Java19的新特性

版本号

java -version
openjdk version "19" 2022-09-20
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 19+36-2238)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 19+36-2238, mixed mode, sharing)

从version信息可以看出是build 19+36

特性列表

JEP 405: Record Patterns (Preview)

instanceof的模式匹配在JDK14作为preview，在JDK15作为第二轮的preview，在JDK16JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof转正
switch模式匹配在JDK17的JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)引入作为preview版本，在JDK18的JEP 420: Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)作为第二轮的preview

针对record类型，引入instance of可以这么写

record Point(int x, int y) {}

static void printSum(Object o) {
    if (o instanceof Point p) {
        int x = p.x();
        int y = p.y();
        System.out.println(x+y);
    }
}

现在可以这么写

record Point(int x, int y) {}

void printSum(Object o) {
    if (o instanceof Point(int x, int y)) {
        System.out.println(x+y);
    }
}

比较复杂的例子：

record Point(int x, int y) {}
enum Color { RED, GREEN, BLUE }
record ColoredPoint(Point p, Color c) {}
record Rectangle(ColoredPoint upperLeft, ColoredPoint lowerRight) {}

Rectangle r = new Rectangle(new ColoredPoint(new Point(x1, y1), c1), 
                            new ColoredPoint(new Point(x2, y2), c2));

static void printXCoordOfUpperLeftPointWithPatterns(Rectangle r) {
    if (r instanceof Rectangle(ColoredPoint(Point(var x, var y), var c),
                               var lr)) {
        System.out.println("Upper-left corner: " + x);
    }
}

如果是泛型record的话：

record Box<T>(T t) {}

static void test1(Box<Object> bo) {
    if (bo instanceof Box<Object>(String s)) {
        System.out.println("String " + s);
    }
}
static void test2(Box<Object> bo) {
    if (bo instanceof Box<String>(var s)) {
        System.out.println("String " + s);
    }
}

JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port

RISC-V是一个基于精简指令集（RISC）原则的开源指令集架构（ISA）,这个JEP则移植JDK到RISC-V上

JEP 424: Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)

Foreign Function & Memory (FFM) API包含了两个incubating API
JDK14的JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)引入了Foreign-Memory Access API作为incubator
JDK15的JEP 383: Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)Foreign-Memory Access API作为第二轮incubator
JDK16的JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)作为第三轮，它引入了Foreign Linker API (JEP 389)
FFM API在JDK 17的JEP 412: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)作为incubator引入
FFM API在JDK 18的JEP 419: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Incubator)作为第二轮incubator
JDK19的这个JEP则将FFM API作为preview API

使用示例

// 1. Find foreign function on the C library path
Linker linker = Linker.nativeLinker();
SymbolLookup stdlib = linker.defaultLookup();
MethodHandle radixSort = linker.downcallHandle(
                             stdlib.lookup("radixsort"), ...);
// 2. Allocate on-heap memory to store four strings
String[] javaStrings   = { "mouse", "cat", "dog", "car" };
// 3. Allocate off-heap memory to store four pointers
SegmentAllocator allocator = SegmentAllocator.implicitAllocator();
MemorySegment offHeap  = allocator.allocateArray(ValueLayout.ADDRESS, javaStrings.length);
// 4. Copy the strings from on-heap to off-heap
for (int i = 0; i < javaStrings.length; i++) {
    // Allocate a string off-heap, then store a pointer to it
    MemorySegment cString = allocator.allocateUtf8String(javaStrings[i]);
    offHeap.setAtIndex(ValueLayout.ADDRESS, i, cString);
}
// 5. Sort the off-heap data by calling the foreign function
radixSort.invoke(offHeap, javaStrings.length, MemoryAddress.NULL, '\0');
// 6. Copy the (reordered) strings from off-heap to on-heap
for (int i = 0; i < javaStrings.length; i++) {
    MemoryAddress cStringPtr = offHeap.getAtIndex(ValueLayout.ADDRESS, i);
    javaStrings[i] = cStringPtr.getUtf8String(0);
}
assert Arrays.equals(javaStrings, new String[] {"car", "cat", "dog", "mouse"});  // true

JEP 425: Virtual Threads (Preview)

虚拟线程应该是JDK19最重磅的特性，首次集成进来即为preview的API
虚拟线程是由JDK提供的用户态线程，类似golang的goroutine，erlang的processes
虚拟线程采用的是M:N的调度模式，即M数量的虚拟线程运行在N个Thread上，使用的是ForkJoinPool以FIFO模式来进行调度，N默认是为Runtime.availableProcessors()，可以通过jdk.virtualThreadScheduler.parallelism来修改

使用示例

try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
    IntStream.range(0, 10_000).forEach(i -> {
        executor.submit(() -> {
            Thread.sleep(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
            return i;
        });
    });
}  // executor.close() is called implicitly, and waits

如上使用了少数几个OS线程来运行10000个虚拟线程
虚拟线程在超过上千个非CPU密集并发任务场景可以显著提升系统的吞吐率

void handle(Request request, Response response) {
    var url1 = ...
    var url2 = ...
 
    try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
        var future1 = executor.submit(() -> fetchURL(url1));
        var future2 = executor.submit(() -> fetchURL(url2));
        response.send(future1.get() + future2.get());
    } catch (ExecutionException | InterruptedException e) {
        response.fail(e);
    }
}
 
String fetchURL(URL url) throws IOException {
    try (var in = url.openStream()) {
        return new String(in.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    }
}

像这种场景虽然是block的代码，但是因为引入的是虚拟线程，系统可以很好地伸缩；当虚拟线程block在IO或者其他操作(BlockingQueue.take())时，虚拟线程会从Thread unmount，当操作完成才重新mount上继续执行。不过有些操作不会unmount虚拟线程，会一同thread和底层的OS线程一起block住(比如进入synchronized代码块/方法，比如执行一个native方法或者foreign function)。
虚拟线程开销不大，因而不需要使用池化技术
使用jcmd <pid> Thread.dump_to_file -format=json <file>可以以json格式来dump虚拟线程，实例如下

Thread.Builder, Thread.ofVirtual(), Thread.ofPlatform() 可以用来创建虚拟线程或者是平台线程，比如

Thread thread = Thread.ofVirtual().name("duke").unstarted(runnable);

Thread.startVirtualThread(Runnable)等同于创建和启动虚拟线程
Thread.threadId() 作为final方法会返回线程标识，而非final的Thread.getId()则被废弃
Thread.getAllStackTraces()现在返回的是平台线程而非所有线程

JEP 426:Vector API (Fourth Incubator)

JDK16引入了JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)提供了jdk.incubator.vector来用于矢量计算
JDK17进行改进并作为第二轮的incubatorJEP 414: Vector API (Second Incubator)
JDK18的JEP 417: Vector API (Third Incubator)进行改进并作为第三轮的incubator，而JDK19则作为第四轮的incubator

JEP 427: Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)

instanceof的模式匹配在JDK14作为preview，在JDK15作为第二轮的preview，在JDK16转正
JDK17引入JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)
JDK18的JEP 420: Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)则作为第二轮的preview，JDK19作为第三轮preview

JEP 428: Structured Concurrency (Incubator)

结构化并发也是JDK19的一个重要特性。JDK5引入的ExecutorService可以用于并行处理任务，比如

Response handle() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    Future<String>  user  = esvc.submit(() -> findUser());
    Future<Integer> order = esvc.submit(() -> fetchOrder());
    String theUser  = user.get();   // Join findUser
    int    theOrder = order.get();  // Join fetchOrder
    return new Response(theUser, theOrder);
}

但是当findUser抛出异常时，fetchOrder还是会在自己的线程继续运行，或者findUser需要运行很长时间，而当fetchOrder异常时，整个handle方法还是需要浪费时间等待findUser执行完，它阻塞在user.get()。为了更好地处理这种在异常场景下取消其他子任务，引入结构化并发来解决此问题，其主要是StructuredTaskScope这个类，它可以fork子任务，然后一起join或者一起cancel。

Response handle() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnFailure()) {
        Future<String>  user  = scope.fork(() -> findUser());
        Future<Integer> order = scope.fork(() -> fetchOrder());

        scope.join();           // Join both forks
        scope.throwIfFailed();  // ... and propagate errors

        // Here, both forks have succeeded, so compose their results
        return new Response(user.resultNow(), order.resultNow());
    }
}

如果其中一个子任务失败了，则会取消另外一个在运行的任务。在scope.join()之后，可以使用resultNow()或者exceptionNow()来获取结果

细项解读

上面列出的是大方面的特性，除此之外还有一些api的更新及废弃，主要见JDK 19 Release Notes，这里举几个例子。

添加项

• System Properties for System.out and System.err (JDK-8283620)

新增stdout.encoding这两个系统属性stderr.encoding

• Support Unicode 14.0 (JDK-8268081)

新增支持unicode 14.0版本

• Additional Date-Time Formats (JDK-8176706)

以前java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter/DateTimeFormatterBuilder只支持FormatStyle.FULL/LONG/MEDIUM/SHORT这四种，现在可以自定义，比如DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedPattern("yMMM")

• Automatic Generation of the CDS Archive (JDK-8261455)

新增-XX:+AutoCreateSharedArchive参数可以自动创建CDS archive，比如java -XX:+AutoCreateSharedArchive -XX:SharedArchiveFile=app.jsa -cp app.jar App

移除项

• Remove Finalizer Implementation in SSLSocketImpl (JDK-8212136)

移除SSLSocket的finalizer实现

• Removal of Diagnostic Flag GCParallelVerificationEnabled (JDK-8286304)

移除GCParallelVerificationEnabled参数

废弃项

完整列表见Java SE 19 deprecated-list

• java.lang.ThreadGroup Is degraded (JDK-8284161)

ThreadGroup不能再被显示destroy了，它现在不再与其subgroup保持强引用

• Deprecation of Locale Class Constructors (JDK-8282819)

Locale的构造器被废弃了，可用Locale.of()这个工厂方法替代

已知问题

• ForkJoinPool and ThreadPoolExecutor do not use Thread::start to Start Worker Threads (JDK-8284161)

ForkJoinPool及ThreadPoolExecutor在这个版本不再使用`Thread::start来启动线程了，因而那些override无参start的工作线程可能会受影响，不过ForkJoinWorkerThread.onStart()不受影响

• InflaterInputStream.read Throws EOFException (JDK-8292327)

InflaterInputStream在这个版本可能抛出EOFException

• G1 Remembered set memory footprint regression after JDK-8286115 (JDK-8292654)

JDK-8286115这个变动了G1的RSet的ergonomic size，会造成本地内存使用增加，可以通过增加G1RemSetArrayOfCardsEntries值来缓解，比如

-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:G1RemSetArrayOfCardsEntries=128

其他事项

• JNI GetVersion Returns JNI_VERSION_19 (JDK-8286176)

GetVersion这个jni方法返回JNI_VERSION_19

• Double.toString(double) and Float.toString(float) may Return Slightly Different Results (JDK-4511638)

Double.toString(2e23), 现在会返回"2.0E23", 而之前的版本会返回"1.9999999999999998E23"

• Make HttpURLConnection Default Keep Alive Timeout Configurable (JDK-8278067)

新增了http.keepAlive.time.server及http.keepAlive.time.proxy系统属性可以用于修改默认的Keep Alive Timeout

• JVM TI Changes to Support Virtual Threads (JDK-8284161)

The JVM Tool Interface (JVM TI)已经更新，现可支持虚拟线程

• -Xss may be Rounded up to a Multiple of the System Page Size (JDK-8236569)

实际的java线程堆栈大小可能与-Xss命令行选项指定的值不同；它可能四舍五入为系统所需的页面大小的倍数。

小结

Java18主要有如下几个特性

• JEP 405: Record Patterns (Preview)
• JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port
• JEP 424: Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)
• JEP 425: Virtual Threads (Preview)
• JEP 426: Vector API (Fourth Incubator)
• JEP 427: Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)
• JEP 428: Structured Concurrency (Incubator)

doc

• JDK 19 Features
• JDK 19 Release Notes
• Consolidated JDK 19 Release Notes
• Java SE 19 deprecated-list
• The Arrival of Java 19
• JDK 19 G1/Parallel/Serial GC changes
• Java 19 Delivers Features for Projects Loom, Panama and Amber
• JDK 19 and JDK 20: What We Know So Far