Django入门

heyetiantian0611

于 2025-05-04 19:41:26 发布

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文章标签： django sqlite python

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Django 入门

URL：统一资源定位符（Uniform Resource Locator），它是一种在互联网上定位资源的方式。该资源可以是一个网页、一张图片、一个视频、一个 PDF 文件等等。
HTTP：超文本传输协议（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）。当用户在浏览器（前端）中输入一个网站地址（URL）时，会向该网站的后端（Web 服务器）发送一个请求。服务器处理这个请求后返回响应。这种数据交换方式由 HTTP 定义，它规定了客户端和服务器之间如何进行通信。
HTML：超文本标记语言（Hypertext Markup Language）。网站的后端有两种方式可以回应客户端：第一种是生成一个 HTML 格式的页面并将其返回给客户端；第二种是只返回页面所需的数据，由客户端来构建页面。后者被认为是更佳的实践方式。
API：应用程序编程接口（Application Programming Interface）。如果我们把生成网页的责任交给客户端，那么服务器就变成了数据的入口。在服务器端，我们可以提供一些“端点”（endpoints），供客户端通过这些接口获取各种数据。这类端点被称为 API。

Setup Environment

% python --version
Python 3.12.9
% python -m venv .venv
% source .venv/bin/activate
% pip install Django

Creat Django project

% django-admin startproject myproject
% cd myproject
# start server on specific port 8001
% python manage.py runserver 8001

project structure

  .
  ├── myproject
  ├── db.sqlite3
  ├── manage.py
  └── myproject
      ├── __init__.py
      ├── asgi.py
      ├── settings.py
      ├── urls.py
      ├── views.py
      └── wsgi.py

start page

Create first app

% python manage.py startapp myapp

myproject/settings.py

  INSTALLED_APPS = [
      'django.contrib.admin',
      'django.contrib.auth',
      'django.contrib.contenttypes',
      'django.contrib.sessions',
      'django.contrib.messages',
      'django.contrib.staticfiles',
      'myapp',  # Include your app here
  ]

project structure:

  .
  ├── myproject
  │   ├── db.sqlite3
  │   ├── manage.py
  │   ├── myapp
  │   │   ├── __init__.py
  │   │   ├── admin.py
  │   │   ├── apps.py
  │   │   ├── migrations
  │   │   │   ├── __init__.py
  │   │   ├── models.py
  │   │   ├── tests.py
  │   │   ├── urls.py
  │   │   └── views.py
  │   └── myproject
  │       ├── __init__.py
  │       ├── asgi.py
  │       ├── settings.py
  │       ├── urls.py
  │       ├── views.py
  │       └── wsgi.py

Route URLs to views

urls.py: URL Configuration.(用来配置URL映射的文件, 将URL映射到views functions)
views.py: Defined functions/classes in views takes an HTTP request as an argument and returns an HTTP response.(接收web请求，返回web响应)

views.py samples in app

Function Based Views

myapp/views.py: A function view takes a http request and returns a plain text response.

  from django.http import HttpResponse
  def hello(request):
      return HttpResponse('Hello, world! This is the hello page of myapp.')

Class Based Views

myapp/views.py: A class view takes a http request and returns a plain text response.

  from django.views.generic import TemplateView
  class MyView(TemplateView):
      template_name = 'hello.html'

myapp/templates/hello.html

  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html>
  <head>
      <title>Home page of myapp</title>
  </head>
  <body>
      <h1>myapp hello world</h1>
  </body>
  </html>

urls.py patterns in app

For each app, create a urls.py to map url to view

Mapping url path to view function myapp/urls.py:

 from django.urls import path
 from . import views

 urlpatterns = [
     path('hello/', views.hello, name='myapp_hello'), # mapping to function view
     path('', views.MyView.as_view(), name='myapp_myview'), # mapping to class view
 ]

'hello/', '': str: URL path
views.hello, views.MyView.as_view(): view function which returns Http Response
name='xxx': alias for the path, it’s used for reference in html

urls.py in main project

myproject/urls.py:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path, include

    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        # Include the URLs from myapp
        path('myapp/', include('myapp.urls')), 
    ]

start server:

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