阻塞和非阻塞IO

用户空间需要从设备读入数据或写入数据到设备时，由于外部设备与CPU相比速度慢很多，内核接收到读/写命令后，需要等待一段时间才能从设备输入相关的数据或把数据写到设备中；这时系统可以把用户线程设为休眠状态，cpu资源让给其他的线程使用。当设备已经将数据处理好了，再把结果返回用户线程，重新把用户线程设为运行状态。这种IO方式就是阻塞型的IO

相反，如果读写操作时，不阻塞用户线程的运行，即使没有准备好设备的数据，都立即把命令执行结果返回给用户线程，这叫做非阻塞型IO

非阻塞型IO用户线程调用时通过设置O_NONBLOCK标志（或O_NDELAY标志）实现，内核代码检测到这个标志，这时即使没有可读的数据，也立即返回。

阻塞型IO

阻塞型IO使用户线程进行休眠的过程：

1）创建一个wait_queue_t结构体，将线程的相关信息保存到这个结构体中，同时把wait_queue_t放入wait_queue_head_t队列中，也就是放入休眠队列

2）设置线程的运行状态，由TASK_RUNNING改为TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE或TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE，然后调用schedule()函数，将线程调度出运行队列

3）进行休眠前的清理工作

使用方法：

1）定义变量并进行初始化

DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(my_quehead);

或

wait_queue_head_t my_quehead;

init_waitqueue_head（my_quehead）;

2)阻塞函数

wait_event(wq, condition);

wait_event_timeout(wq, condition, timeout);

wait_event_interruptible(wq, condition);

wait_event_interruptible_timeout(wq, condition, timeout);

wq是内核希望将线程送入的休眠队列，condition是进入休眠和退出休眠的条件，timeout表示在timeout时间内还没有激活，则自动激活，并推出休眠。

interruptible表示是可中断的，否则不可中断，只能通过wake_up进行激活

2）激活函数

wake_up(x)

wake_up_interruptible(x)

上述wait_event和wake_up函数其实是调用

void prepare_to_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state);
void prepare_to_wait_exclusive(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state);
void finish_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait);

函数实现的，我们也可以手动调用这些函数实现阻塞型IO操作

具体内容参考<linux/wait.h>头文件

#ifndef _LINUX_WAIT_H
#define _LINUX_WAIT_H

#define WNOHANG    	0x00000001
#define WUNTRACED	0x00000002
#define WSTOPPED	WUNTRACED
#define WEXITED		0x00000004
#define WCONTINUED	0x00000008
#define WNOWAIT		0x01000000	/* Don't reap, just poll status.  */

#define __WNOTHREAD	0x20000000	/* Don't wait on children of other threads in this group */
#define __WALL		0x40000000	/* Wait on all children, regardless of type */
#define __WCLONE	0x80000000	/* Wait only on non-SIGCHLD children */

/* First argument to waitid: */
#define P_ALL		0
#define P_PID		1
#define P_PGID		2
#define __KERNEL__

#ifdef __KERNEL__

#include 
   
   
    
    
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         typedef struct __wait_queue wait_queue_t; typedef int (*wait_queue_func_t)(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int flags, void *key); int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int flags, void *key); struct __wait_queue { unsigned int flags; #define WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE 0x01 void *private; wait_queue_func_t func; struct list_head task_list; }; struct wait_bit_key { void *flags; int bit_nr; }; struct wait_bit_queue { struct wait_bit_key key; wait_queue_t wait; }; struct __wait_queue_head { spinlock_t lock; struct list_head task_list; }; typedef struct __wait_queue_head wait_queue_head_t; struct task_struct; /* * Macros for declaration and initialisaton of the datatypes */ #define __WAITQUEUE_INITIALIZER(name, tsk) { \ .private = tsk, \ .func = default_wake_function, \ .task_list = { NULL, NULL } } #define DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(name, tsk) \ wait_queue_t name = __WAITQUEUE_INITIALIZER(name, tsk) #define __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name) { \ .lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(name.lock), \ .task_list = { &(name).task_list, &(name).task_list } } #define DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name) \ wait_queue_head_t name = __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name) #define __WAIT_BIT_KEY_INITIALIZER(word, bit) \ { .flags = word, .bit_nr = bit, } extern void __init_waitqueue_head(wait_queue_head_t *q, struct lock_class_key *); #define init_waitqueue_head(q) \ do { \ static struct lock_class_key __key; \ \ __init_waitqueue_head((q), &__key); \ } while (0) #ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP # define __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INIT_ONSTACK(name) \ ({ init_waitqueue_head(&name); name; }) # define DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_ONSTACK(name) \ wait_queue_head_t name = __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INIT_ONSTACK(name) #else # define DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_ONSTACK(name) DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name) #endif static inline void init_waitqueue_entry(wait_queue_t *q, struct task_struct *p) { q->flags = 0; q->private = p; q->func = default_wake_function; } static inline void init_waitqueue_func_entry(wait_queue_t *q, wait_queue_func_t func) { q->flags = 0; q->private = NULL; q->func = func; } static inline int waitqueue_active(wait_queue_head_t *q) { return !list_empty(&q->task_list); } extern void add_wait_queue(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait); extern void add_wait_queue_exclusive(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait); extern void remove_wait_queue(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait); static inline void __add_wait_queue(wait_queue_head_t *head, wait_queue_t *new) { list_add(&new->task_list, &head->task_list); } /* * Used for wake-one threads: */ static inline void __add_wait_queue_tail(wait_queue_head_t *head, wait_queue_t *new) { list_add_tail(&new->task_list, &head->task_list); } static inline void __remove_wait_queue(wait_queue_head_t *head, wait_queue_t *old) { list_del(&old->task_list); } void __wake_up(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode, int nr, void *key); void __wake_up_locked_key(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode, void *key); void __wake_up_sync_key(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode, int nr, void *key); void __wake_up_locked(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode, int nr); void __wake_up_sync(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode, int nr); void __wake_up_bit(wait_queue_head_t *, void *, int); int __wait_on_bit(wait_queue_head_t *, struct wait_bit_queue *, int (*)(void *), unsigned); int __wait_on_bit_lock(wait_queue_head_t *, struct wait_bit_queue *, int (*)(void *), unsigned); void wake_up_bit(void *, int); int out_of_line_wait_on_bit(void *, int, int (*)(void *), unsigned); int out_of_line_wait_on_bit_lock(void *, int, int (*)(void *), unsigned); wait_queue_head_t *bit_waitqueue(void *, int); #define wake_up(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_NORMAL, 1, NULL) #define wake_up_nr(x, nr) __wake_up(x, TASK_NORMAL, nr, NULL) #define wake_up_all(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_NORMAL, 0, NULL) #define wake_up_locked(x) __wake_up_locked((x), TASK_NORMAL, 1) #define wake_up_all_locked(x) __wake_up_locked((x), TASK_NORMAL, 0) #define wake_up_interruptible(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, NULL) #define wake_up_interruptible_nr(x, nr) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, nr, NULL) #define wake_up_interruptible_all(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL) #define wake_up_interruptible_sync(x) __wake_up_sync((x), TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1) /* * Wakeup macros to be used to report events to the targets. */ #define wake_up_poll(x, m) \ __wake_up(x, TASK_NORMAL, 1, (void *) (m)) #define wake_up_locked_poll(x, m) \ __wake_up_locked_key((x), TASK_NORMAL, (void *) (m)) #define wake_up_interruptible_poll(x, m) \ __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, (void *) (m)) #define wake_up_interruptible_sync_poll(x, m) \ __wake_up_sync_key((x), TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, (void *) (m)) #define __wait_event(wq, condition) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (condition) \ break; \ schedule(); \ } \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ } while (0) /** * wait_event - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true. The @condition is checked each time * the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * wake_up() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. */ #define wait_event(wq, condition) \ do { \ if (condition) \ break; \ __wait_event(wq, condition); \ } while (0) #define __wait_event_timeout(wq, condition, ret) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (condition) \ break; \ ret = schedule_timeout(ret); \ if (!ret) \ break; \ } \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ } while (0) /** * wait_event_timeout - sleep until a condition gets true or a timeout elapses * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * @timeout: timeout, in jiffies * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true. The @condition is checked each time * the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * wake_up() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function returns 0 if the @timeout elapsed, and the remaining * jiffies if the condition evaluated to true before the timeout elapsed. */ #define wait_event_timeout(wq, condition, timeout) \ ({ \ long __ret = timeout; \ if (!(condition)) \ __wait_event_timeout(wq, condition, __ret); \ __ret; \ }) #define __wait_event_interruptible(wq, condition, ret) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (condition) \ break; \ if (!signal_pending(current)) { \ schedule(); \ continue; \ } \ ret = -ERESTARTSYS; \ break; \ } \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ } while (0) /** * wait_event_interruptible - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * wake_up() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_interruptible(wq, condition) \ ({ \ int __ret = 0; \ if (!(condition)) \ __wait_event_interruptible(wq, condition, __ret); \ __ret; \ }) #define __wait_event_interruptible_timeout(wq, condition, ret) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (condition) \ break; \ if (!signal_pending(current)) { \ ret = schedule_timeout(ret); \ if (!ret) \ break; \ continue; \ } \ ret = -ERESTARTSYS; \ break; \ } \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ } while (0) /** * wait_event_interruptible_timeout - sleep until a condition gets true or a timeout elapses * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * @timeout: timeout, in jiffies * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * wake_up() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function returns 0 if the @timeout elapsed, -ERESTARTSYS if it * was interrupted by a signal, and the remaining jiffies otherwise * if the condition evaluated to true before the timeout elapsed. */ #define wait_event_interruptible_timeout(wq, condition, timeout) \ ({ \ long __ret = timeout; \ if (!(condition)) \ __wait_event_interruptible_timeout(wq, condition, __ret); \ __ret; \ }) #define __wait_event_interruptible_exclusive(wq, condition, ret) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait_exclusive(&wq, &__wait, \ TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (condition) { \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ break; \ } \ if (!signal_pending(current)) { \ schedule(); \ continue; \ } \ ret = -ERESTARTSYS; \ abort_exclusive_wait(&wq, &__wait, \ TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, NULL); \ break; \ } \ } while (0) #define wait_event_interruptible_exclusive(wq, condition) \ ({ \ int __ret = 0; \ if (!(condition)) \ __wait_event_interruptible_exclusive(wq, condition, __ret);\ __ret; \ }) #define __wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition, exclusive, irq) \ ({ \ int __ret = 0; \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ if (exclusive) \ __wait.flags |= WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE; \ do { \ if (likely(list_empty(&__wait.task_list))) \ __add_wait_queue_tail(&(wq), &__wait); \ set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); \ if (signal_pending(current)) { \ __ret = -ERESTARTSYS; \ break; \ } \ if (irq) \ spin_unlock_irq(&(wq).lock); \ else \ spin_unlock(&(wq).lock); \ schedule(); \ if (irq) \ spin_lock_irq(&(wq).lock); \ else \ spin_lock(&(wq).lock); \ } while (!(condition)); \ __remove_wait_queue(&(wq), &__wait); \ __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING); \ __ret; \ }) /** * wait_event_interruptible_locked - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * It must be called with wq.lock being held. This spinlock is * unlocked while sleeping but @condition testing is done while lock * is held and when this macro exits the lock is held. * * The lock is locked/unlocked using spin_lock()/spin_unlock() * functions which must match the way they are locked/unlocked outside * of this macro. * * wake_up_locked() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition) \ ((condition) \ ? 0 : __wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition, 0, 0)) /** * wait_event_interruptible_locked_irq - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * It must be called with wq.lock being held. This spinlock is * unlocked while sleeping but @condition testing is done while lock * is held and when this macro exits the lock is held. * * The lock is locked/unlocked using spin_lock_irq()/spin_unlock_irq() * functions which must match the way they are locked/unlocked outside * of this macro. * * wake_up_locked() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_interruptible_locked_irq(wq, condition) \ ((condition) \ ? 0 : __wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition, 0, 1)) /** * wait_event_interruptible_exclusive_locked - sleep exclusively until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * It must be called with wq.lock being held. This spinlock is * unlocked while sleeping but @condition testing is done while lock * is held and when this macro exits the lock is held. * * The lock is locked/unlocked using spin_lock()/spin_unlock() * functions which must match the way they are locked/unlocked outside * of this macro. * * The process is put on the wait queue with an WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE flag * set thus when other process waits process on the list if this * process is awaken further processes are not considered. * * wake_up_locked() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_interruptible_exclusive_locked(wq, condition) \ ((condition) \ ? 0 : __wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition, 1, 0)) /** * wait_event_interruptible_exclusive_locked_irq - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * It must be called with wq.lock being held. This spinlock is * unlocked while sleeping but @condition testing is done while lock * is held and when this macro exits the lock is held. * * The lock is locked/unlocked using spin_lock_irq()/spin_unlock_irq() * functions which must match the way they are locked/unlocked outside * of this macro. * * The process is put on the wait queue with an WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE flag * set thus when other process waits process on the list if this * process is awaken further processes are not considered. * * wake_up_locked() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_interruptible_exclusive_locked_irq(wq, condition) \ ((condition) \ ? 0 : __wait_event_interruptible_locked(wq, condition, 1, 1)) #define __wait_event_killable(wq, condition, ret) \ do { \ DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \ \ for (;;) { \ prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_KILLABLE); \ if (condition) \ break; \ if (!fatal_signal_pending(current)) { \ schedule(); \ continue; \ } \ ret = -ERESTARTSYS; \ break; \ } \ finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \ } while (0) /** * wait_event_killable - sleep until a condition gets true * @wq: the waitqueue to wait on * @condition: a C expression for the event to wait for * * The process is put to sleep (TASK_KILLABLE) until the * @condition evaluates to true or a signal is received. * The @condition is checked each time the waitqueue @wq is woken up. * * wake_up() has to be called after changing any variable that could * change the result of the wait condition. * * The function will return -ERESTARTSYS if it was interrupted by a * signal and 0 if @condition evaluated to true. */ #define wait_event_killable(wq, condition) \ ({ \ int __ret = 0; \ if (!(condition)) \ __wait_event_killable(wq, condition, __ret); \ __ret; \ }) /* * Must be called with the spinlock in the wait_queue_head_t held. */ static inline void add_wait_queue_exclusive_locked(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t * wait) { wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE; __add_wait_queue_tail(q, wait); } /* * Must be called with the spinlock in the wait_queue_head_t held. */ static inline void remove_wait_queue_locked(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t * wait) { __remove_wait_queue(q, wait); } /* * These are the old interfaces to sleep waiting for an event. * They are racy. DO NOT use them, use the wait_event* interfaces above. * We plan to remove these interfaces. */ extern void sleep_on(wait_queue_head_t *q); extern long sleep_on_timeout(wait_queue_head_t *q, signed long timeout); extern void interruptible_sleep_on(wait_queue_head_t *q); extern long interruptible_sleep_on_timeout(wait_queue_head_t *q, signed long timeout); /* * Waitqueues which are removed from the waitqueue_head at wakeup time */ void prepare_to_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state); void prepare_to_wait_exclusive(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state); void finish_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait); void abort_exclusive_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned int mode, void *key); int autoremove_wake_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key); int wake_bit_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key); #define DEFINE_WAIT_FUNC(name, function) \ wait_queue_t name = { \ .private = current, \ .func = function, \ .task_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT((name).task_list), \ } #define DEFINE_WAIT(name) DEFINE_WAIT_FUNC(name, autoremove_wake_function) #define DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(name, word, bit) \ struct wait_bit_queue name = { \ .key = __WAIT_BIT_KEY_INITIALIZER(word, bit), \ .wait = { \ .private = current, \ .func = wake_bit_function, \ .task_list = \ LIST_HEAD_INIT((name).wait.task_list), \ }, \ } #define init_wait(wait) \ do { \ (wait)->private = current; \ (wait)->func = autoremove_wake_function; \ INIT_LIST_HEAD(&(wait)->task_list); \ } while (0) /** * wait_on_bit - wait for a bit to be cleared * @word: the word being waited on, a kernel virtual address * @bit: the bit of the word being waited on * @action: the function used to sleep, which may take special actions * @mode: the task state to sleep in * * There is a standard hashed waitqueue table for generic use. This * is the part of the hashtable's accessor API that waits on a bit. * For instance, if one were to have waiters on a bitflag, one would * call wait_on_bit() in threads waiting for the bit to clear. * One uses wait_on_bit() where one is waiting for the bit to clear, * but has no intention of setting it. */ static inline int wait_on_bit(void *word, int bit, int (*action)(void *), unsigned mode) { if (!test_bit(bit, word)) return 0; return out_of_line_wait_on_bit(word, bit, action, mode); } /** * wait_on_bit_lock - wait for a bit to be cleared, when wanting to set it * @word: the word being waited on, a kernel virtual address * @bit: the bit of the word being waited on * @action: the function used to sleep, which may take special actions * @mode: the task state to sleep in * * There is a standard hashed waitqueue table for generic use. This * is the part of the hashtable's accessor API that waits on a bit * when one intends to set it, for instance, trying to lock bitflags. * For instance, if one were to have waiters trying to set bitflag * and waiting for it to clear before setting it, one would call * wait_on_bit() in threads waiting to be able to set the bit. * One uses wait_on_bit_lock() where one is waiting for the bit to * clear with the intention of setting it, and when done, clearing it. */ static inline int wait_on_bit_lock(void *word, int bit, int (*action)(void *), unsigned mode) { if (!test_and_set_bit(bit, word)) return 0; return out_of_line_wait_on_bit_lock(word, bit, action, mode); } #endif /* __KERNEL__ */ #endif