含义:
出现在其他语句内部的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
内部嵌套其他select语句的查询,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
(1)按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:支持标量子查询
from后面:支持表子查询
where或having后面⭐:支持标量子查询√、列子查询√、行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询):支持表子查询
(2)按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)(单行)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)(多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
一、where或having后面的子查询
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多行多列)
特点:
(1)子查询都放在小括号()内
(2)子查询一般放在条件的右侧
(3)标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
单行操作符:> < = <= >= <>
列子查询,一般搭配多行操作符使用
多行操作符:IN、ANY/SOME、ALL
(4)子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
1、标量子查询
eg1.谁的工资比Abel高?
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
eg2.返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名 job_id和工资
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE
job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND
salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =143);
#添加分组查询
eg3.返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id,salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
eg4.查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
<非法使用标量子查询的情况>
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
搭配多行操作符:IN、ANY/SOME、ALL
IN / NOT IN:等于列表中的任意一个,列表中的值为查询语句
ANY / SOME:和子查询返回的某一个值比较,可以替换成MAX()、MIN()
ALL:和子查询返回的所有制比较,可以替换MIN()、MAX()
eg1.返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工的姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700));
IN可替换为=ANY
NOT IN 可替换为<>ANY
eg2.返回其他工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’的任一员工工资低的员工的员工号、工资、姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary< ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <>'IT_PROG';
eg3.返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’的所有员工工资低的员工的员工号、工资、姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary< ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <>'IT_PROG';
3、行子查询(一行多列或多行多列)
eg1.查询员工编号最小且工资最高的员工信息
方法1:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)
AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
)
方法2:行子查询
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
二、select后面的子查询
只支持标量子查询
1、标量子查询
eg1.查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees AS e
WHERE e.department_id=d.`department_id`
) AS 个数
FROM departments AS d;
eg2.查询员工号为102的部门名
SELECT(
SELECT department_name
FROM departments AS d
INNER JOIN employees AS e
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id`=102
) AS 部门名;
三、from后面的子查询
支持表子查询
eg1.查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT ag_dep.*,j.`grade_level`
FROM(
SELECT AVG(salary) AS ag,department_id
FROM employees AS e
GROUP BY department_id
)AS ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades AS j
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN `lowest_sal` AND `highest_sal`;
#将子查询结果充当一张表,新的查询子表必须起别名
四、exists后面的子查询(相关子查询)
exists(完整的查询语句):查询有没有值,类似布尔型
结果:1或0
例:
SELECT EXISTS(
SELECT employee_id FROM employees
);
eg1.查询有员工的部门名
select department_name
from departments as d
where exists(
select *
from employees as e
where d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
或:
SELECT department_name
FROM departments AS d
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
#可以使用exists的都可以使用 IN 代替
eg2.查询没有男朋友的女生信息
SELECT b.*
FROM beauty AS b
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT id
FROM boys AS bo
WHERE b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.`id`
);
或:
SELECT b.*
FROM beauty AS b
WHERE b.`boyfriend_id` NOT IN(
SELECT id
FROM boys AS bo
)