Android开机启动流程初探

l  Init进程

Android系统在启动时首先会启动Linux系统，引导加载Linux Kernel并启动init进程。Init进程是一个由内核启动的用户级进程，是Android系统的第一个进程。该进程的相关代码在platform\system\core\init\init.c。在main函数中，有如下代码：

open_devnull_stdio();
log_init();

INFO( " reading config file\n ");
init_parse_config_file( " /init.rc ");

/*  pull the kernel commandline and ramdisk properties file in  */
import_kernel_cmdline( 0);

get_hardware_name(hardware, &revision);
snprintf(tmp,  sizeof(tmp),  " /init.%s.rc ", hardware);
init_parse_config_file(tmp);

    这里会加载解析init.rc和init.hardware.rc两个初始化脚本。*.rc文件定义了在init进程中需要启动哪些进程服务和执行哪些动作。其详细说明参见platform\system\core\init\reademe.txt。init.rc见如下定义：

service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanager
user system
critical
onrestart restart zygote
onrestart restart media

service vold /system/bin/vold
socket vold stream  0660 root mount
ioprio be  2

service netd /system/bin/netd
socket netd stream  0660 root system
socket dnsproxyd stream  0660 root inet

service debuggerd /system/bin/debuggerd

service ril-daemon /system/bin/rild
socket rild stream  660 root radio
socket rild-debug stream  660 radio system
user root
group radio cache inet misc audio sdcard_rw

service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
socket zygote stream  666
onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
onrestart write /sys/power/state on
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart netd

service drm /system/bin/drmserver
user drm
group system root inet

具体解析过程见platform\system\core\init\Init_parser.c。解析所得服务添加到service_list中，动作添加到action_list中。

接下来在main函数中执行动作和启动进程服务：

execute_one_command();
restart_processes()

通常init过程需要创建一些系统文件夹并启动USB守护进程、Android Debug Bridge守护进程、Debug守护进程、ServiceManager进程、Zygote进程等。

l  ServiceManager进程

ServiceManager进程是所有服务的管理器。由init.rc对ServiceManager的描述service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanager可知servicemanager进程从platform\frameworks\base\cmd\servicemanager\Service_manager.cpp启动。在main函数中有如下代码：

int main( int argc,  char **argv)
{
struct binder_state *bs;
void *svcmgr = BINDER_SERVICE_MANAGER;

bs = binder_open( 128* 1024);

if (binder_become_context_manager(bs)) {
LOGE( " cannot become context manager (%s)\n ", strerror(errno));
return - 1;
}

svcmgr_handle = svcmgr;
binder_loop(bs, svcmgr_handler);
return  0;
}

首先调用binder_open()打开Binder设备(/dev/binder)，调用binder_become_context_manager()把当前进程设置为ServiceManager。ServiceManager本身就是一个服务。

int binder_become_context_manager( struct binder_state *bs)
{
return ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR,  0);
}

    最后binder_loop()进入循环状态，并设置svcmgr_handler回调函数等待添加、查询、获取服务等请求。

l  Zygote进程

         Zygote进程用于产生其他进程。由init.rc对zygote的描述service zygot /system/bin/app_process可知zygote进程从platfrom\frameworks\base\cmds\app_process\App_main.cpp启动。在main函数中有如下代码：

if ( 0 == strcmp( " --zygote ", arg)) {
bool startSystemServer = (i < argc) ? 
strcmp(argv[i],  " --start-system-server ") ==  0 :  false;
setArgv0(argv0,  " zygote ");
set_process_name( " zygote ");
runtime.start( " com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit ",
startSystemServer);
}  else {
set_process_name(argv0);

runtime.mClassName = arg;

//  Remainder of args get passed to startup class main()
runtime.mArgC = argc-i;
runtime.mArgV = argv+i;

LOGV( " App process is starting with pid=%d, class=%s.\n ",
getpid(), runtime.getClassName());
runtime.start();
}

    首先创建AppRuntime，即AndroidRuntime，建立了一个Dalvik虚拟机。通过这个runtime传递com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit参数，从而由Dalvik虚拟机运行ZygoteInit.java的main()，开始创建Zygote进程。在其main()中，如下所示：

registerZygoteSocket();
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START,
SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
preloadClasses();
// cacheRegisterMaps();
preloadResources();
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END,
SystemClock.uptimeMillis());

//  Finish profiling the zygote initialization.
SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot();

//  Do an initial gc to clean up after startup
gc();

//  If requested, start system server directly from Zygote
if (argv.length !=  2) {
throw  new RuntimeException(argv[ 0] + USAGE_STRING);
}

if (argv[ 1].equals( " true ")) {
startSystemServer();
}  else  if (!argv[ 1].equals( " false ")) {
throw  new RuntimeException(argv[ 0] + USAGE_STRING);
}

    首先通过registerZygoteSocket()登记端口，接着preloadClasses()装载相关类。这里大概要装载1000多个类，具体装载类见platform\frameworks\base\preloaded-classes。这个文件有WritePreloadedClassFile类自动生成。分析该类的main函数，有如下一段筛选类的代码：

//  Preload classes that were loaded by at least 2 processes. Hopefully,
//  the memory associated with these classes will be shared.
for (LoadedClass loadedClass : root.loadedClasses.values()) {
Set<String> names = loadedClass.processNames();
if (!Policy.isPreloadable(loadedClass)) {
continue;
}

if (names.size() >= MIN_PROCESSES ||
(loadedClass.medianTimeMicros() > MIN_LOAD_TIME_MICROS && names.size() >  1)) {
toPreload.add(loadedClass);
}
}

int initialSize = toPreload.size();
System. out.println(initialSize
+  "  classses were loaded by more than one app. ");

//  Preload eligable classes from applications (not long-running
//  services).
for (Proc proc : root.processes.values()) {
if (proc.fromZygote() && !Policy.isService(proc.name)) {
for (Operation operation : proc.operations) {
LoadedClass loadedClass = operation.loadedClass;
if (shouldPreload(loadedClass)) {
toPreload.add(loadedClass);
}
}
}
}

其中MIN_LOAD_TIME_MICROS等于1250，当类的装载时间大于1.25ms，则需要预装载。

Policy.isPreloadable()定于如下：

/* *Reports if the given class should be preloaded.  */
public  static boolean isPreloadable(LoadedClass clazz) {
return clazz.systemClass && !EXCLUDED_CLASSES.contains(clazz.name);
}

其中EXCLUDED_CLASSES如下定义：

/* *
* Classes which we shouldn't load from the Zygote.
*/
private  static final Set<String> EXCLUDED_CLASSES
=  new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(
//  Binders
" android.app.AlarmManager ",
" android.app.SearchManager ",
" android.os.FileObserver ",
" com.android.server.PackageManagerService$AppDirObserver ",

//  Threads
" android.os.AsyncTask ",
" android.pim.ContactsAsyncHelper ",
" java.lang.ProcessManager "
));

这几个Binders和Thread是不会被预加载的。

    另外还有一些application需要装载，要求满足条件proc.fromZygote()且不是属于常驻内存的服务。SERVICES定义如下：

/* *
* Long running services. These are restricted in their contribution to the 
* preloader because their launch time is less critical.
*/
//  TODO: Generate this automatically from package manager.
private  static final Set<String> SERVICES =  new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(
" system_server ",
" com.google.process.content ",
" android.process.media ",
" com.android.bluetooth ",
" com.android.calendar ",
" com.android.inputmethod.latin ",
" com.android.phone ",
" com.google.android.apps.maps.FriendService ",  //  pre froyo
" com.google.android.apps.maps:FriendService ",  //  froyo
" com.google.android.apps.maps.LocationFriendService ",
" com.google.android.deskclock ",
" com.google.process.gapps ",
" android.tts "
));

         preloaded-classes是在下载源码的时候生成，WritePreloadedClassFile类并没有被用到，但可以通过这个类了解Android系统对预加载类的默认要求，参考修改preloaded-classes文件，减少开机初始化时要预加载的类，提高开机速度。

最后来通过startSystemServer()启动SystemServer进程。见如下代码：

/*  Hardcoded command line to start the system server  */
String args[] = {
" --setuid=1000 ",
" --setgid=1000 ",
" --setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,3001,3002,3003 ",
" --capabilities=130104352,130104352 ",
" --runtime-init ",
" --nice-name=system_server ",
" com.android.server.SystemServer ",
};
ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs =  null;

int pid;

try {
parsedArgs =  new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);

/*
* Enable debugging of the system process if *either* the command line flags
* indicate it should be debuggable or the ro.debuggable system property
* is set to "1"
*/
int debugFlags = parsedArgs.debugFlags;
if ( " 1 ".equals(SystemProperties. get( " ro.debuggable ")))
debugFlags |= Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_DEBUGGER;

/*  Request to fork the system server process  */
pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
parsedArgs.gids, debugFlags,  null,
parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities)

         Zygote包装了Linux的fork。forkSystemServer()调用forkAndSpecialize()，最终穿过虚拟机调用platform\dalvik\vm\native\dalvik_system_Zygote.c中Dalvik_dalvik_system_Zygote_forkAndSpecialize()。由dalvik完成fork新的进程。

       main()最后会调用runSelectLoopMode()，进入while循环，由peers创建新的进程。

l  SystemService进程

       SystemService用于创建init.rc定义的服务之外的所有服务。在main()的最后有如下代码：

//  The system server has to run all of the time, so it needs to be
//  as efficient as possible with its memory usage.
VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization( 0.8f);

System.loadLibrary( " android_servers ");
init1(args);

Init1()是在native空间实现的，用于启动native空间的服务，其实现在com_android_server_SystemServer.cpp中的android_server_SystemServer_init1()：

static  void android_server_SystemServer_init1(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
{
system_init();
}

    而system_init()服务初始化创建native层的各个服务：

//  Start the sensor service
SensorService::instantiate();

//  On the simulator, audioflinger et al don't get started the
//  same way as on the device, and we need to start them here
if (!proc->supportsProcesses()) {

//  Start the AudioFlinger
AudioFlinger::instantiate();

//  Start the media playback service
MediaPlayerService::instantiate();

//  Start the camera service
CameraService::instantiate();

//  Start the audio policy service
AudioPolicyService::instantiate();
}

    最后通过如下代码:

LOGI( " System server: starting Android services.\n ");
runtime->callStatic( " com/android/server/SystemServer ",  " init2 ");

回到SystemServer.java，调用init2()：

public  static final  void init2() {
Slog.i(TAG,  " Entered the Android system server! ");
Thread thr =  new ServerThread();
thr.setName( " android.server.ServerThread ");
thr.start();
}

         Init2启动一个线程，专门用来启动java空间的所有服务。如下代码所示启动部分服务：

Slog.i(TAG,  " Content Manager ");
ContentService.main(context,
factoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL);

Slog.i(TAG,  " System Content Providers ");
ActivityManagerService.installSystemProviders();

Slog.i(TAG,  " Battery Service ");
battery =  new BatteryService(context);
ServiceManager.addService( " battery ", battery);

Slog.i(TAG,  " Lights Service ");
lights =  new LightsService(context);

Slog.i(TAG,  " Vibrator Service ");
ServiceManager.addService( " vibrator ",  new VibratorService(context));

//  only initialize the power service after we have started the
//  lights service, content providers and the battery service.
power.init(context, lights, ActivityManagerService.getDefault(), battery);

Slog.i(TAG,  " Alarm Manager ");
AlarmManagerService alarm =  new AlarmManagerService(context);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE, alarm);

并且把这些服务添加到ServiceManager中，以便管理和进程间通讯。

在该线程后半部分，ActivityManagerService会等待AppWidget、WallPaper、IMM等systemReady后调用自身的systemReady()。

((ActivityManagerService)ServiceManager.getService( " activity "))
.setWindowManager(wm);

//  Skip Bluetooth if we have an emulator kernel
//  TODO: Use a more reliable check to see if this product should
//  support Bluetooth - see bug 988521
if (SystemProperties. get( " ro.kernel.qemu ").equals( " 1 ")) {
Slog.i(TAG,  " Registering null Bluetooth Service (emulator) ");
ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE,  null);
}  else  if (factoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) {
Slog.i(TAG,  " Registering null Bluetooth Service (factory test) ");
ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE,  null);
}  else {
Slog.i(TAG,  " Bluetooth Service ");
bluetooth =  new BluetoothService(context);
ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE, bluetooth);
bluetooth.initAfterRegistration();
bluetoothA2dp =  new BluetoothA2dpService(context, bluetooth);
ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothA2dpService.BLUETOOTH_A2DP_SERVICE,
bluetoothA2dp);

int bluetoothOn = Settings.Secure.getInt(mContentResolver,
Settings.Secure.BLUETOOTH_ON,  0);
if (bluetoothOn >  0) {
bluetooth.enable();
}
}

    而在ActivityManagerService的systemReady()最后会执行如下代码：

mMainStack.resumeTopActivityLocked( null);

    由于Activity管理栈为空，因此启动Launcher。

//  Find the first activity that is not finishing.
ActivityRecord next = topRunningActivityLocked( null);

//  Remember how we'll process this pause/resume situation, and ensure
//  that the state is reset however we wind up proceeding.
final boolean userLeaving = mUserLeaving;
mUserLeaving =  false;

if (next ==  null) {
//  There are no more activities! Let's just start up the
//  Launcher...
if (mMainStack) {
return mService.startHomeActivityLocked();
}
}

    在startHomeActivityLocked()中创建一个带Category为CATEGORY_HOME的Intent，由此去启动相应Activity，即Launcher。

Intent intent =  new Intent(
mTopAction,
mTopData !=  null ? Uri.parse(mTopData) :  null);
intent.setComponent(mTopComponent);
if (mFactoryTest != SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) {
intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);
}

    这样，Android系统便启动起来进入到待机界面。