数据结构学习_图(1)深度优先搜索、广度优先搜索和最小生成树

       图算是一种较复杂的数据结构了。图由 边的集合与顶点的集合 组成。
关于图有许多种存储方式。在这一篇中，在深度优先搜索（DFS）和广度优先搜索（BFS）算法中，树用邻接表的方式存储。在最小生成树的Prim算法中，树用的时邻接矩阵的方式表示。

下面对Prim算法做一个简单的介绍。

        Prim算法以点集合逐步扩展的方式选择连接它们的最小的边。

先指定一个点加入空集中，然后把连接它的最小边的另一个顶点加入集合中，在重复前一个步骤，逐步扩大直到所有的点都加入到了集合中。

#include  < iostream >
#include  < queue >
#include  < string >
using   namespace  std;

/**/ ////error class
// class BadOccur
// {
// public:    
//     BadOccur(const string szErrorDescription)
//     {
//         m_szErrorDescription = szErrorDescription;
//     }
//     void BadOccurPrint()
//     {
//         cout << m_szErrorDescription << endl;
//     }
// private:
//     string m_szErrorDescription;
// };

// structure of the adjacent vertex nodes
typedef  struct  TAdjVertexNode
... {
    int nAdjVertexNum; //sequence number of the adjacent vertex node
    struct TAdjVertexNode* pNextAdjVertex; //pointer of the next adjacent vertex node
} TAdjVertexNode;

// structure of the vertex nodes
typedef  struct  TVertexNode
... {
    int nVertexNum; //sequence number of the vertex node
    struct TAdjVertexNode* pFirstAdjVertex; //pointer of the vertex's first adjacent node 
} TVertexNode;

TVertexNode *  CreatGraph( int  NodesNum)
... {
    TVertexNode* pVertexArray = new TVertexNode [NodesNum + 1];
    for (int i = 1; i <= NodesNum; i++)
    ...{
        pVertexArray[i].nVertexNum = i;
        int nAmount = 0;
        cout << "Please give the number of adjacent nodes of the " << i << " th node" << endl;
        cin >> nAmount;
        if (0 == nAmount)
        ...{
            pVertexArray[i].pFirstAdjVertex = NULL;
        }
        else
        ...{
            TAdjVertexNode* pPreNode = NULL;
            for (int j = 1; j <= nAmount; j++)
            ...{
                TAdjVertexNode* pNewNode = new TAdjVertexNode;
                cout << "Please enter the sequence number of the node." << endl;
                int nSequenceNum = 0;
                cin >> nSequenceNum;
                pNewNode->nAdjVertexNum = nSequenceNum;
                if (1 == j)
                ...{
                    pVertexArray[i].pFirstAdjVertex = pNewNode;
                }
                else
                ...{
                    pPreNode->pNextAdjVertex = pNewNode;
                }
                pPreNode = pNewNode;
                pNewNode->pNextAdjVertex = NULL;
            }
        }
    }
    return pVertexArray;
}
typedef  void  ( * TraverseMethod) (TVertexNode * ,  int ,  int * );

/**/ /*
*    Function Name             ：BFS
*    function                           ：broad traverse the graph from one vertex
*    detail                               ：none
*    author                             ：weixiong
*    time                                 ：2007-2-1
*    return type                      ：void
*   return description  : 
*    function parameters    ：TVertexNode* pVertexesArray    the storage array of the graph 
*                                                 int nVertexSequenceNum         sequence number of current vertex
*                                                 int* pVertexesFlagArray        the flag array of all the vertexes
*/
void  BFS(TVertexNode *  pVertexesArray,  int  nVertexSequenceNum,  int *  pVertexesFlagArray)
... {
    queue<int> qAdjacentNodes;
    TAdjVertexNode* pCurrentNode = NULL;
    int nCurrentNodeNum = nVertexSequenceNum;
    cout << nCurrentNodeNum << " ";
    pVertexesFlagArray[nCurrentNodeNum] = 1;
    for (pCurrentNode = pVertexesArray[nCurrentNodeNum].pFirstAdjVertex; NULL != pCurrentNode; pCurrentNode = pCurrentNode->pNextAdjVertex)
    ...{
        nCurrentNodeNum = pCurrentNode->nAdjVertexNum;
        cout << nCurrentNodeNum << " ";
        pVertexesFlagArray[nCurrentNodeNum] = 1;
        qAdjacentNodes.push(nCurrentNodeNum);
    }
    while (!qAdjacentNodes.empty())
    ...{
        pCurrentNode = pVertexesArray[nCurrentNodeNum].pFirstAdjVertex;
        if (pCurrentNode)
        ...{
            nCurrentNodeNum = pCurrentNode->nAdjVertexNum;
        }
        for (; NULL != pCurrentNode; pCurrentNode = pCurrentNode->pNextAdjVertex)
        ...{
            nCurrentNodeNum = pCurrentNode->nAdjVertexNum;
            if (0 == pVertexesFlagArray[nCurrentNodeNum])
            ...{
                cout << nCurrentNodeNum << " ";
                pVertexesFlagArray[nCurrentNodeNum] = 1;
                qAdjacentNodes.push(nCurrentNodeNum);
            }
        }
        nCurrentNodeNum = qAdjacentNodes.front();
        qAdjacentNodes.pop();
    }
}

/**/ /*
*    Function Name        ：DFS
*    function            ：depth traverse the graph from one vertex
*    detail                ：none
*    author                ：weixiong
*    time                ：2007-2-1
*    return type            ：void
*   return description  : 
*    function parameters    ：TVertexNode* pVertexesArray    the storage array of the graph 
*                         int nVertexSequenceNum         sequence number of current vertex
*                          int* pVertexesFlagArray        the flag array of all the vertexes
*/
void  DFS(TVertexNode *  pVertexesArray,  int  nVertexSequenceNum,  int *  pVertexesFlagArray)
... {
    cout << pVertexesArray[nVertexSequenceNum].nVertexNum << " ";
    pVertexesFlagArray[nVertexSequenceNum] = 1;
    TAdjVertexNode* pCurrentVertex = pVertexesArray[nVertexSequenceNum].pFirstAdjVertex;
    int nCurrentVertexNum = 0;
    if (NULL != pCurrentVertex)
    ...{
        nCurrentVertexNum = pCurrentVertex->nAdjVertexNum;
    }
    for (; NULL != pCurrentVertex; pCurrentVertex = pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex)
    ...{
        if (0 == pVertexesFlagArray[nCurrentVertexNum])
        ...{
            DFS(pVertexesArray, nCurrentVertexNum, pVertexesFlagArray);
        }
    }
}

/**/ /*
*    Function Name        ：DepthFirstTraveralGraph
*    function            ：traverse graph using the depth first order
*    detail                ：none
*    author                ：weixiong
*    time                ：2007-2-1
*    return type            ：bool
*   return description  : true                                      two matrices has multiplied
*                         false                                     two matrices can't be multiplied
*    function parameters    ：int nNodesNum                             number of all the vertexes
*                         int* pVertexesFlagArray                   the flag array of all the vertexes
*                          TVertexNode* pVertexesArray               the storage array of the vertex
*/
void  DepthFirstTraveralGraph( int  nNodesNum,  int *  pVertexesFlagArray, TVertexNode *  pVertexesArray)
... {
    int nVertex = 1;
    TraverseMethod p = NULL;
    cout << "Please choose your traversal method: 1. BFS   2. DFS" << endl;
    int nChoice = 0;
    cin >> nChoice;
    while(nVertex != nNodesNum)
    ...{
        int nCurrentVertex = pVertexesArray[nVertex].nVertexNum;
        if (0 == pVertexesFlagArray[nVertex])
        ...{
            switch (nChoice)
            ...{
            case 1:
                    BFS(pVertexesArray, nVertex, pVertexesFlagArray);
                    break;
            case 2:
                    DFS(pVertexesArray, nVertex, pVertexesFlagArray);
                    break;
            default:
                    cout << "Bad choice!" << endl;
            }
        }
        nVertex++;
    }
}

const   int  MAX  =   100 ; // If it hasn't directly path from Vi to Vj, we denote value(Vi, Vj) = 100 
const   int  VERNUM  =   6 ;

/*    Function Name        ：MiniSpanTree_Prim
*    function            ：creat the minimal span tree
*    detail                ：none
*    author                ：weixiong
*    time                ：2007-2-1
*    return type            ：void
*   return description  : 

*    function parameters    ：int ppGraphMatrix[][VERNUM]      the storage of the orginal tree

    *                                                int nVertexNum                               the vertexes number it has

    */
void  MiniSpanTree_Prim( int  ppGraphMatrix[][VERNUM],  int  nVertexNum)
... {
    ppGraphMatrix[0][0] = 1;
    int nRow = 0;//record row of the minimal edge
    int nCol = 0;
    for (int k = 0; k < nVertexNum - 1; k++)
    ...{
        int nMinEdge = MAX;//record the minimal value
        for (int i = 0; i < nVertexNum; i++)
        ...{
            if (1 == ppGraphMatrix[i][i])
            ...{
                for (int j = 0; j < nVertexNum; j++)
                ...{
                    if ((0 == ppGraphMatrix[j][j]) && (ppGraphMatrix[i][j] < nMinEdge))
                    ...{
                        nMinEdge = ppGraphMatrix[i][j];
                        nRow = i;
                        nCol = j;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        ppGraphMatrix[nCol][nCol] = 1;
        if (nRow > nCol)
            ppGraphMatrix[nRow][nCol] = -ppGraphMatrix[nRow][nCol];
        else
            ppGraphMatrix[nCol][nRow] = -ppGraphMatrix[nCol][nRow];
    }
}
void  PrintGraph( int  ppGraphMatrix[][VERNUM])
... {     
    for (int i = 0; i < VERNUM; i++)
        ...{
            for (int j = 0; j < VERNUM; j++)
            ...{
                cout << ppGraphMatrix[i][j] << ' ';
            }
            cout << endl;
        }
}

typedef struct TEdge
{
 int nVertexBegin;
 int nVertexEnd;
 int nVertexValue;
 int nFlag;
}TEdge;

/*    Function Name        ：MiniSpanTree_Prim
*    function            ：creat the minimal span tree
*    detail                ：none
*    author                ：weixiong
*    time                ：2007-2-1
*    return type            ：void
*   return description  : 

*    function parameters    ：TEdge GraphEdgeArray[],      the storage of the edges of the tree

    *                                                TAdjVertexNode GraphVertexArray[] the storage of the vertexes array

    */

void MiniSpanTree_Kruskal(TEdge GraphEdgeArray[], TAdjVertexNode GraphVertexArray[])
{
 int nChosenEdges = 1;
 while (nChosenEdges < VERNUM)
 {
  int nMin = MAX;
  int nEdge = 0;
  int nEdgeBegin = 0;
  int nEdgeEnd = 0;
  for (int i = 1; i <= EDGENUM; i++) //search the minimal edge from the edges which were not chosen
  {
   if ((0 == GraphEdgeArray[i].nFlag) && (GraphEdgeArray[i].nVertexValue < nMin))
   {
    nMin = GraphEdgeArray[i].nVertexValue;
    nEdge = i;
    nEdgeBegin = GraphEdgeArray[i].nVertexBegin;
    nEdgeEnd = GraphEdgeArray[i].nVertexEnd;
   }
  }

  //add the chosen edge's initial vertex to its terminal vertex's list
  TAdjVertexNode* pCurrentVertex = &GraphVertexArray[nEdgeBegin];
  for (; (pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex != NULL) && (pCurrentVertex->nAdjVertexNum != nEdgeEnd); pCurrentVertex = pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex)
  {}
  if (NULL == pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex)
  {
   TAdjVertexNode* pNewVertex = new TAdjVertexNode;
   pNewVertex->nAdjVertexNum = nEdgeEnd;
   pNewVertex->pNextAdjVertex = NULL;
   pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex = pNewVertex;
  }

  //add the chosen edge's terminal vertex to its initial vertex's list
  pCurrentVertex = &GraphVertexArray[nEdgeEnd];
  for (; (pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex != NULL) && (pCurrentVertex->nAdjVertexNum != nEdgeBegin); pCurrentVertex = pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex)
  {}
  if (NULL == pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex)
  {
   TAdjVertexNode* pNewVertex = new TAdjVertexNode;
   pNewVertex->nAdjVertexNum = nEdgeBegin;
   pNewVertex->pNextAdjVertex = NULL;
   pCurrentVertex->pNextAdjVertex = pNewVertex;
   GraphEdgeArray[nEdge].nFlag = 1;
   nChosenEdges++;
  }

 }
}

int  main()
... {
    //MiniSpanTree
    static int ppGraphMatrix[][VERNUM] =
    ...{
        ...{0  ,6  ,1,5  ,MAX,MAX},
        ...{6  ,0  ,5,MAX,3  ,MAX},
        ...{1  ,5  ,0,5  ,6  ,4},
        ...{5  ,MAX,5,0  ,MAX,2},
        ...{MAX,3  ,6,MAX,0  ,6},
        ...{MAX,MAX,4,2  ,6  ,0}
    };
    MiniSpanTree_Prim(ppGraphMatrix, VERNUM);
    PrintGraph(ppGraphMatrix);
    //DestroyGraphMatrix(ppGraphMatrix, nVertexNum);//destory the storage matrix
    //ppGraphMatrix = NULL;

//graph's edges
static TEdge GraphEdgeArray[EDGENUM + 1] =
{
{0, 0, 0, 0},//no use, convenient for count
{1, 2, 6, 0},
{1, 3, 1, 0},
{1, 4, 5, 0},
{2, 3, 5, 0},
{3, 4, 5, 0},
{2, 5, 3, 0},
{3, 5, 6, 0},
{3, 6, 4, 0},
{4, 6, 2, 0},
{5, 6, 6, 0}
};

//graph's vertexes
static TAdjVertexNode GraphVertexArray[VERNUM + 1] =
{
{0, NULL},//no use
{1, NULL},
{2, NULL},
{3, NULL},
{4, NULL},
{5, NULL},
{6, NULL}
};
MiniSpanTree_Kruskal(GraphEdgeArray, GraphVertexArray);
for (int i = 0; i < EDGENUM + 1; i++)
{
if (1 == GraphEdgeArray[i].nFlag)
{
cout << GraphEdgeArray[i].nVertexValue << endl;
}
}
getchar();

    getchar();

    //BFS and DFS 
    cout << "Please enter the sequence number for all the vertexes in the graph." << endl;
    int nNodesNum = 0;
    cin >> nNodesNum;
    int *pVertexesFlagArray = new int [nNodesNum + 1];
    for (int i = 1; i <= nNodesNum; i++)
    ...{
        pVertexesFlagArray[i] = 0;
    }    
    TVertexNode* pGraphStorageArray = CreatGraph(nNodesNum);
    DepthFirstTraveralGraph(nNodesNum, pVertexesFlagArray, pGraphStorageArray);
    getchar();
}
/**/ /*
int** CreatGraphMatrix(int nVertexNum)
{
int** ppGraphMatrix = new int* [nVertexNum];
for (int i = 0; i < nVertexNum; i++)
{
ppGraphMatrix[i] = new int [nVertexNum];
for (int j = 0; j < nVertexNum; j++)
{
cin >> ppGraphMatrix[i][j];
}
}
return ppGraphMatrix;
}
void DestroyGraphMatrix(int** ppGraphMatrix, int nVertexNum)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nVertexNum; i++)
{
delete [] ppGraphMatrix[i];
}
ppGraphMatrix = NULL;
}
*/