用Python和Pygame写游戏-从入门到精通（18）

用Python和Pygame写游戏-从入门到精通（18）

3D世界

让我们现在开始写一个3D的程序，巩固一下这几次学习的东西。因为我们还没有好好深入如何画3D物体，暂时就先用最简单的投影（上次讨论过的第二种）方法来画吧。这个程序画一个空间里的立方体，只不过各个部分并不会随着距离而产生大小上的变化。

您可以看到，很多的小球构成了立方体的各个边，通过按住方向键，可以水平或垂直方向的更改“摄像头”的位置，Q和A键会把摄像头拉近或拉远，而W和S会改变视距，绿色的三角是视距和视角的示意图。fov角大的话，立方体就显得比较短，反之就显得比较长。

代码稍微有点长，下面有解释，静下心来慢慢阅读。

Python

import pygame from pygame.locals import * from gameobjects.vector3 import Vector3 from math import * from random import randint SCREEN_SIZE = (640, 480) CUBE_SIZE = 300 def calculate_viewing_distance(fov, screen_width): d = (screen_width/2.0) / tan(fov/2.0) return d def run(): pygame.init() screen = pygame.display.set_mode(SCREEN_SIZE, 0) default_font = pygame.font.get_default_font() font = pygame.font.SysFont(default_font, 24) ball = pygame.image.load("ball.png").convert_alpha() # 3D points points = [] fov = 90. # Field of view viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance(radians(fov), SCREEN_SIZE[0]) # 边沿的一系列点 for x in xrange(0, CUBE_SIZE+1, 20): edge_x = x == 0 or x == CUBE_SIZE for y in xrange(0, CUBE_SIZE+1, 20): edge_y = y == 0 or y == CUBE_SIZE for z in xrange(0, CUBE_SIZE+1, 20): edge_z = z == 0 or z == CUBE_SIZE if sum((edge_x, edge_y, edge_z)) >= 2: point_x = float(x) - CUBE_SIZE/2 point_y = float(y) - CUBE_SIZE/2 point_z = float(z) - CUBE_SIZE/2 points.append(Vector3(point_x, point_y, point_z)) # 以z序存储，类似于css中的z-index def point_z(point): return point.z points.sort(key=point_z, reverse=True) center_x, center_y = SCREEN_SIZE center_x /= 2 center_y /= 2 ball_w, ball_h = ball.get_size() ball_center_x = ball_w / 2 ball_center_y = ball_h / 2 camera_position = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, -700.) camera_speed = Vector3(300.0, 300.0, 300.0) clock = pygame.time.Clock() while True: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: return screen.fill((0, 0, 0)) pressed_keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() time_passed = clock.tick() time_passed_seconds = time_passed / 1000. direction = Vector3() if pressed_keys[K_LEFT]: direction.x = -1.0 elif pressed_keys[K_RIGHT]: direction.x = +1.0 if pressed_keys[K_UP]: direction.y = +1.0 elif pressed_keys[K_DOWN]: direction.y = -1.0 if pressed_keys[K_q]: direction.z = +1.0 elif pressed_keys[K_a]: direction.z = -1.0 if pressed_keys[K_w]: fov = min(179., fov+1.) w = SCREEN_SIZE[0] viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance(radians(fov), w) elif pressed_keys[K_s]: fov = max(1., fov-1.) w = SCREEN_SIZE[0] viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance(radians(fov), w) camera_position += direction * camera_speed * time_passed_seconds # 绘制点 for point in points: x, y, z = point - camera_position if z > 0: x = x * viewing_distance / z y = -y * viewing_distance / z x += center_x y += center_y screen.blit(ball, (x-ball_center_x, y-ball_center_y)) # 绘制表 diagram_width = SCREEN_SIZE[0] / 4 col = (50, 255, 50) diagram_points = [] diagram_points.append( (diagram_width/2, 100+viewing_distance/4) ) diagram_points.append( (0, 100) ) diagram_points.append( (diagram_width, 100) ) diagram_points.append( (diagram_width/2, 100+viewing_distance/4) ) diagram_points.append( (diagram_width/2, 100) ) pygame.draw.lines(screen, col, False, diagram_points, 2) # 绘制文字 white = (255, 255, 255) cam_text = font.render("camera = "+str(camera_position), True, white) screen.blit(cam_text, (5, 5)) fov_text = font.render("field of view = %i"%int(fov), True, white) screen.blit(fov_text, (5, 35)) txt = "viewing distance = %.3f"%viewing_distance d_text = font.render(txt, True, white) screen.blit(d_text, (5, 65)) pygame.display.update() if __name__ == "__main__": run()

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import pygame from pygame . locals import * from gameobjects . vector3 import Vector3   from math import * from random import randint   SCREEN_SIZE =    ( 640 , 480 ) CUBE_SIZE = 300   def calculate_viewing_distance ( fov , screen_width ) :      d = ( screen_width / 2.0 ) / tan ( fov / 2.0 )      return d   def run ( ) :      pygame . init ( )      screen = pygame . display . set_mode ( SCREEN_SIZE , 0 )        default_font = pygame . font . get_default_font ( )      font = pygame . font . SysFont ( default_font , 24 )        ball = pygame . image . load ( "ball.png" ) . convert_alpha ( )        # 3D points      points = [ ]        fov = 90. # Field of view      viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance ( radians ( fov ) , SCREEN_SIZE [ 0 ] )        # 边沿的一系列点      for x in xrange ( 0 , CUBE_SIZE + 1 , 20 ) :          edge_x = x == 0 or x == CUBE_SIZE            for y in xrange ( 0 , CUBE_SIZE + 1 , 20 ) :              edge_y = y == 0 or y == CUBE_SIZE                for z in xrange ( 0 , CUBE_SIZE + 1 , 20 ) :                  edge_z = z == 0 or z == CUBE_SIZE                    if sum ( ( edge_x , edge_y , edge_z ) ) >= 2 :                        point_x = float ( x ) - CUBE_SIZE / 2                      point_y = float ( y ) - CUBE_SIZE / 2                      point_z = float ( z ) - CUBE_SIZE / 2                        points . append ( Vector3 ( point_x , point_y , point_z ) )        # 以z序存储，类似于css中的z-index      def point_z ( point ) :          return point . z      points . sort ( key = point_z , reverse = True )        center_x , center_y = SCREEN_SIZE      center_x /= 2      center_y /= 2        ball_w , ball_h = ball . get_size ( )      ball_center_x = ball_w / 2      ball_center_y = ball_h / 2        camera_position = Vector3 ( 0.0 , 0.0 , - 700. )      camera_speed = Vector3 ( 300.0 , 300.0 , 300.0 )        clock = pygame . time . Clock ( )        while True :                     for event in pygame . event . get ( ) :              if event . type == QUIT :                  return                         screen . fill ( ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) )            pressed_keys = pygame . key . get_pressed ( )            time_passed = clock . tick ( )          time_passed_seconds = time_passed / 1000.            direction = Vector3 ( )          if pressed_keys [ K_LEFT ] :              direction . x = - 1.0          elif pressed_keys [ K_RIGHT ] :              direction . x = + 1.0            if pressed_keys [ K_UP ] :              direction . y = + 1.0          elif pressed_keys [ K_DOWN ] :              direction . y = - 1.0            if pressed_keys [ K_q ] :              direction . z = + 1.0          elif pressed_keys [ K_a ] :              direction . z = - 1.0            if pressed_keys [ K_w ] :              fov = min ( 179. , fov + 1. )              w = SCREEN_SIZE [ 0 ]              viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance ( radians ( fov ) , w )          elif pressed_keys [ K_s ] :              fov = max ( 1. , fov - 1. )              w = SCREEN_SIZE [ 0 ]              viewing_distance = calculate_viewing_distance ( radians ( fov ) , w )            camera_position + = direction * camera_speed * time_passed_seconds                   # 绘制点          for point in points :                x , y , z = point - camera_position                if z > 0 :                  x =    x * viewing_distance / z                  y = - y * viewing_distance / z                  x + = center_x                  y + = center_y                  screen . blit ( ball , ( x - ball_center_x , y - ball_center_y ) )            # 绘制表          diagram_width = SCREEN_SIZE [ 0 ] / 4          col = ( 50 , 255 , 50 )          diagram_points = [ ]          diagram_points . append ( ( diagram_width / 2 , 100 + viewing_distance / 4 ) )          diagram_points . append ( ( 0 , 100 ) )          diagram_points . append ( ( diagram_width , 100 ) )          diagram_points . append ( ( diagram_width / 2 , 100 + viewing_distance / 4 ) )          diagram_points . append ( ( diagram_width / 2 , 100 ) )          pygame . draw . lines ( screen , col , False , diagram_points , 2 )                     # 绘制文字          white = ( 255 , 255 , 255 )          cam_text = font . render ( "camera = " + str ( camera_position ) , True , white )          screen . blit ( cam_text , ( 5 , 5 ) )          fov_text = font . render ( "field of view = %i" % int ( fov ) , True , white )          screen . blit ( fov_text , ( 5 , 35 ) )          txt = "viewing distance = %.3f" % viewing_distance          d_text = font . render ( txt , True , white )          screen . blit ( d_text , ( 5 , 65 ) )            pygame . display . update ( )   if __name__ == "__main__" :      run ( )

上面的例子使用Vector3来管理向量数据，点的存储是按照z坐标来的，这样在blit的时候，离摄像机近的后画，就可以覆盖远的，否则看起来就太奇怪了……

在主循环的代码中，会根据按键摄像头会更改位置——当然这是用户的感觉，实际上代码做的是更改了点的位置。而3D的移动和2D是非常像的，只不过多了一个z来判断覆盖远近（也就是绘制顺序），一样的基于时间移动，一样的向量运算，只是由Vector2变为了Vector3。

然后代码需要绘制全部的点。首先，点的位置需要根据camera_position变量校正，如果结果的z比0还大，说明点在摄像头之前，需要画的，否则就是不需要画。y需要校准一下方向，最后把x、y定位在中间（小球还是有一点点尺寸的）。

留下的代码是给出信息的，都是我们学习过的东西了。

如果想好好学习，把立方体换成其他的图像吧！改一下更能加深印象。

3D第一部分总结

3D是迄今为止游戏发展中最大的里程碑（下一个会是什么呢？虚拟体验？），我们这几次学习的，是3D的基础，你可以看到，仅有2D绘图经验也能很方便的过渡过来。仅仅是Vector2→Vector3，担任3D向量还是有一些特有的操作的，需要慢慢学习，但是基本的思想不会变。

但是，请继续思考~ 难道所有的3D游戏就是一系列的3D坐标再手动转换为2D画上去就好了？很可惜或者说很幸运不是的，我们有3D引擎来做这些事情，对Pygame来说，原生的3D处理时不存在的，那么如何真正绘制3D画面？有一个非常广泛的选择——OpenGL，不了解的请自行Wiki，不过OpenGL并不是Pygame的一部分，而且3D实际做下去实在很繁杂，这个系列就暂时不深入讲解了。

尽管有3D引擎帮我们做投影等事情，我们这几次学的东西绝对不是白费，对基础的一定了解可以更好的写入3D游戏，对画面的掌握也会更好。如果有需要，这个系列的主线完成后，会根据大家的要求追加讲解OpenGL的内容。

接下来开始讲解Pygame中的声音，基本游戏制作的全部知识我们都快学习完了：）