#######魔术方法的应用#######
## 魔术方法之构造函数_析构函数
# 构造函数_析构函数
class People(object):
def __init__(self,name,age):
# 把属性和对象名绑定在一起, 便于访问对象的属性.
self.name =name
self.age= age
print('创建对象成功')
# 析构函数, 当你删除对象时, 自动调用的方法。
# del 对象名或者程序执行结束之后
def __del__(self):
print('删除对象成功')
if __name__ =="__main__":
p1 =People('kebo', 24)
运行结果:
可以看出在实例化后自动会执行__del__方法。
## str 与 repr 方法 (对象的字符串显示)
class People(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
# 把属性和对象名绑定在一起, 便于访问对象的属性.
self.name = name
self.age = age
print('创建对象成功')
# 析构函数, 当你删除对象时, 自动调用的方法。
# del 对象名或者程序执行结束之后
def __del__(self):
print('删除对象成功')
# __str__和__repr__都是对对象的字符串显示, 使用场景不同.
# 如果没有__str__的时候, 自动调用__repr__方法的内容.
def __str__(self):
return 'People(%s, %d)' % (self.name, self.age)
def __repr__(self):
# print(repr(对象名)) 或者交互式环境中直接: 对象名
return "People(%s)" % (self.name)
if __name__ == "__main__":
p1 = People('kebo', 24)
print(p1)
print(p1.__str__())
class People(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
# 把属性和对象名绑定在一起, 便于访问对象的属性.
self.name = name
self.age = age
print('创建对象成功')
# 析构函数, 当你删除对象时, 自动调用的方法。
# del 对象名或者程序执行结束之后
def __del__(self):
print('删除对象成功')
# __str__和__repr__都是对对象的字符串显示, 使用场景不同.
# 如果没有__str__的时候, 自动调用__repr__方法的内容.
# def __str__(self):
# return 'People(%s, %d)' % (self.name, self.age)
def __repr__(self):
# print(repr(对象名)) 或者交互式环境中直接: 对象名
return "People(%s)" % (self.name)
if __name__ == "__main__":
p1 = People('kebo', 24)
print(p1)
print(p1.__str__())
## 字符串的format方法以及format魔术方法
- 字符串的format方法;
1 通过位置填充字符串
print("name:{0}, age:{1}, scores:{2}".format('kobe', 24, [8, 24, 81]))
print("name:{0}, age:{1}, scores:{0}".format('kobe', 10))
print("name:{0}, id:{1:.2f}".format('kobe', 3.1415926))
2 通过key值填充字符串
d = {'max': 100, 'min': 10}
print("MAX: {max}, MIN:{min}".format(max=100, min=10))
print("MAX: {max}, MIN:{min}".format(**d))
3 面向对象操作
class Book(object):
def __init__(self, name, author, state, bookindex):
self.name = name
self.author = author
self.state = state
self.bookindex = bookindex
def __repr__(self):
return "Book(%s, %d)" % (self.name, self.state)
b = Book('python', 'houzeyu', 1, '24&8')
print(b)
print("Name:{0.name}, State:{0.state}, Author:{0.author}".format(b))
print("Name:{b.name}, State:{b.state}, Author:{b.author}".format(b=b))
- format 魔术方法
class Date(object):
def __init__(self, year, month, day):
self.year = year
self.month = month
self.day = day
# format方法: format(对象名)时自动调用
def __format__(self, format_spec=None):
if not format_spec:
return "%s-%s-%s" %(self.year, self.month, self.day)
else:
if format_spec == 'ymd':
return "%s-%s-%s" %(self.year, self.month, self.day)
elif format_spec == 'dmy':
return "%s/%s/%s" %(self.day, self.month, self.year)
else:
return "error format"
d = Date(2019, 9, 5)
print(format(d))
print(format(d, 'ymd'))
print(format(d, 'dmy'))
## 类的内部装饰器
- @property
1)
class Book(object):
def __init__(self, name, author, state, bookIndex):
self.name = name
self.author = author
self.__state = state
self.bookIndex = bookIndex
# 将类方法变成类属性
# 使用时, 没有装饰器b.state()
# 使用时, 有装饰器b.state
@property
def state(self):
if self.__state == 0:
return '已借出'
elif self.__state == 1:
return '未借出'
else:
return "状态异常"
# 当修改属性state时, 自动执行下面的方法; b.state = 10
@state.setter
def state(self, value):
# if value == 0 or value == 1:
if value in (0, 1):
# 更新书籍的状态
self.__state = value
@state.deleter
def state(self):
print("is deleteing......")
def __str__(self):
return 'Book(%s, %d)' % (self.name, self.__state)
b = Book('python', 'guido', 1, '1122334')
# print(b.state)
#
# # 1). 书籍的状态可以人以改变, 并不能限制只能为0或者1;
# 2). 书籍状态如何友好的显示?
# b.state = 10
# print(b.state)
# 3). 问题解决, 但是调用比较复杂, 可读性不高.
# print(b.get_state())
# print(b.set_state(10))
# print(b.get_state())
# 4).
print(b.state)
b.state = 0
print(b.state)
del b.state
2)
class Book(object):
def __init__(self, name, author, state, bookIndex):
self.name = name
self.author = author
# 0:'已借出' 1:'未借出'
self.__state = state
self.bookIndex = bookIndex
def get_state(self):
if self.__state == 0:
return '已借出'
elif self.__state == 1:
return '未借出'
else:
return "状态异常"
def set_state(self, value):
# if value == 0 or value == 1:
if value in (0,1):
# 更新书籍的状态
self.__state = value
def del_state(self):
print("is deleteing......")
def __str__(self):
return 'Book(%s, %d)' %(self.name, self.__state)
state = property(fget=get_state, fset=set_state, fdel=del_state)
b = Book('python', 'guido', 1, '1122334')
# print(b.state)
#
# # 1). 书籍的状态可以人以改变, 并不能限制只能为0或者1;
# 2). 书籍状态如何友好的显示?
# b.state = 10
# print(b.state)
# 3). 问题解决, 但是调用比较复杂, 可读性不高.
# print(b.get_state())
# print(b.set_state(10))
# print(b.get_state())
# 4).
print(b.state)
b.state = 0
print(b.state)
del b.state
## 类的切片与索引
- 切片与索引
1)通过索引操作
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, scores):
self.name = name
self.scores = scores
# 支持索引; s[index]
def __getitem__(self, index):
return self.scores[index]
# s[索引] = 修改的值
def __setitem__(self, index, value):
self.scores[index] = value
# del s[索引]
def __delitem__(self, index):
del self.scores[index]
s = Student('houzeyu', [8, 24, 81, 60])
print(s[0])
print(s[2])
s[3]= 35000
print(s[3])
print(s.scores)
del s[1]
print(s.scores)
# 可以获取所有的属性为key值, 以及对应的value值, 并封装为一个字典返回.
print(s.__dict__)
运行结果:
2)通过字典操作
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, scores):
self.name = name
self.scores = scores
# 支持索引; s[key]
def __getitem__(self, key):
# print("获取索引对应的value值")
return self.__dict__[key]
# s[key] = 修改的值
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.__dict__[key] = value
# del s[key]
def __delitem__(self, key):
del self.__dict__[key]
s = Student('houzeyu', [8, 24, 81, 60])
print(s['name'])
print(s['scores'])
s['name'] = 'kobe'
print(s['name'])
s['scores'] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(s['scores'])
del s['name']
print(s)
3) 切片
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, scores):
self.name = name
self.scores = scores
def __getitem__(self, key):
return self.scores[key]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.scores[key] = value
def __delitem__(self, key):
del self.scores[key]
s = Student('houzeyu', [8, 24, 81, 60])
print(s[1:3])
s[1:3] = [0, 0]
print(s[:])
del s[2:]
print(s[:])
## 重复与连接及成员操作符
from collections import Iterable
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, scores):
self.name = name
self.scores = scores
self.power = 100
# obj1 + obj2
def __add__(self, other):
# 更新self对象的power属性值;
self.power = self.power + other.power
return self
# obj1 * 3
def __mul__(self, other):
return self.power * other
# 成员操作符; item in obj1
def __contains__(self, item):
return item in self.scores
# 可以for循环迭代
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.scores)
def __repr__(self):
return "Student:%s, %s" % (self.name, self.power)
s1 = Student('kobe', [101, 100, 100])
s2 = Student('james', [100, 100, 100])
s3 = Student('curry', [100, 100, 100])
print(s1.power + s2.power + s3.power)
print(s1*5)
print(200 in s1)
## 类方法与静态方法
class Date(object):
def __init__(self, year, month, day):
self.year = year
self.month = month
self.day = day
# echo普通方法, 默认情况下会传递对象给echo
def echo(self):
return "%s %s %s" % (self.year, self.month, self.day)
# 默认传递类本身给这个方法;
@classmethod
def as_string(cls, s):
print(cls)
month, day, year = s.split('/')
d = cls(year, month, day)
return d
# 默认python解释器不会传递任何参数
@staticmethod
def is_valid(s):
# 批量将年月日转换成整形(列表生成式, map)
month, day, year = map(int, s.split('/'))
return 0 < month <= 12 and 0 < day <= 31 and 1 < year < 9999
print(Date.as_string('12/10/2019').echo())
s = '10/10/2018'
print(Date.is_valid(s))
## 面向对象的反射机制
- hasattr, getattr, setattr, delattr
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age
def get_score(self):
return "score"
def get_grade(self):
return 'grade'
s1 = Student("kobe", 81)
# hasattr: 判断对象是否包含对应的属性或者方法名;
print(hasattr(s1, 'name'))
print(hasattr(s1, '__age')) # 私有属性, 私有方法, 是不能判断的;
print(hasattr(s1, 'score'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'get_score'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))
# getattr: 用于返回对象的属性值或者方法名对应的方法体;
print(getattr(s1, 'name'))
print(getattr(s1, '__age', 'no attr'))
print(getattr(s1, 'get_score', 'no method')) # 获取方法名, 如果要执行方法, 直接调用即可
print(getattr(s1, 'set_score', 'no method')) # 获取方法名, 如果要执行方法, 直接调用即可
# setattr:
# 修改某个属性的值
setattr(s1, 'name', 'james')
print(getattr(s1, 'name'))
# 添加某个属性及对应的值;
setattr(s1, 'score', 100)
print(getattr(s1, 'score'))
# 修改方法
def get_score1():
return "这是修改的方法内容"
setattr(s1, 'get_score', get_score1)
print(getattr(s1, 'get_score')())
def set_score():
return "这是添加的方法"
# 添加方法
setattr(s1, 'set_score', set_score)
print(getattr(s1, 'set_score')())
# delattr
delattr(s1, 'name')
print(hasattr(s1, 'name'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))
delattr(s1, 'set_score')
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))