满足低调之心基础三（2）

三，函数与函数式编程

1，函数与过程

①先看代码：

# 函数
def process():
    """testing"""  # 文档描述，表明你要写的是什么内容（必须要写）
    print("in the process!")
    return 0


# 过程
def function():
    """testing1"""
    print("in the function!")


a = process()
b = function()

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
in the process!
in the function!

Process finished with exit code 0

是不是阔以一目了然的看清楚它们之间的区别：函数有返回值，而过程却没有

②再看代码：

# 函数
def process():
    """testing"""  # 文档描述，表明你写的是什么内容
    print("in the process!")
    return 0


# 过程
def function():
    """testing1"""
    print("in the function!")


a = process()
b = function()

print("from process return is %s" % a)
print("from function return is %s" % b)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
in the process!
in the function!
from process return is 0
from function return is None

Process finished with exit code 0

阔以看出，函数有返回值就返回了0，而过程没有就返回了none

③创建一个名为lianxi的文本文件

看代码：

import time


def logger():
    time_format = "%Y-%m-%d %x"
    time_current = time.strftime(time_format)
    with open("lianxi", "a+", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        f.write("%s hello!thank you!!!\n" % time_current)


def test1():
    print("in the test1")

    logger()


def test2():
    print("in the test2")

    logger()


def test3():
    print("in the test3")

    logger()


test1()
test2()
test3()

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
in the test1
in the test2
in the test3

Process finished with exit code 0

打开lianxi则看到：

嘻嘻嘻，不禁感叹道，Python真有意思！

通过②和③，细心地你就会发现使用函数的三大优点：
1，代码重用,
2，保持一致性
3，可扩展性

2，函数返回值

看代码：

def test1():
    print("this is test1!")
    # 无返回值

def test2():
    print("this is test2!")
    return 0
# 返回值为0

def test3():
    print("this is test3!")
    return 1, ["pig", "dog", "cat"], {"name": "hpl"}
# 随便定义一些返回值，包括数字，列表，字典（不看运行结果，你感觉这里阔以返回吗？）

a = test1()
b = test2()
c = test3()

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
this is test1!
this is test2!
this is test3!
None
0
(1, ['pig', 'dog', 'cat'], {'name': 'hpl'})

Process finished with exit code 0

总结：
没有返回值时，返回None
返回值只有一个时，将返回那个值
返回值为多个时，返回tuple（元组）

3，函数调用

①看代码：

def test(x, y):
    print("I like you!And you like me!")
    print(x)
    print(y)


a = 1
b = 2

test(2, 3)  # 与形参一一对应
test(y=2, x=3)
test(y=a, x=b)
test(4, y=5)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
I like you!And you like me!
2
3
I like you!And you like me!
3
2
I like you!And you like me!
2
1
I like you!And you like me!
4
5

Process finished with exit code 0

这里要仔细看，仔细想。

②再看代码：

def test(*args):  # 以*开始就阔以同时接受多个实参，调用时就会放到元组里面
    print(args)


test(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
test([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
test(*[1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print("<<<<<<<<----------->>>>>>>>")

def test1(x, *args):
    print(x)
    print(args)

test1(1, 2, 3, 4, 5，6, 7)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
<<<<<<<<----------->>>>>>>>
1
(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

Process finished with exit code 0

这个能看明白吧！

③

# 接收字典

def test(**kwargs):  # **kwards：把n个关键字参数转换成字典的形式
    print(kwargs)

    print(kwargs["name"])
    print(kwargs["age"])
    print(kwargs["sex"])


test(name="hpl", age=18, sex="f")

print("<<<<<<<<-----1------>>>>>>>>")


def test2(name, **kwargs):
    print(name)
    print(kwargs)


test2("hpl", age=18, sex="n")

print("<<<<<<<<-----2------>>>>>>>>")


def test3(name, age=18, **kwargs):
    print(name)
    print(kwargs)
    print(age)


test3("hpl", sex="m", hobby="tesla", )
print("<<<<<<<<-------3------>>>>>>>>>>")
test3("hpl", sex="m", hobby="tesla", age=3)
print("<<<<<<<<-------4------>>>>>>>>>>")
test3("hpl", 20, sex="m", hobby="tesla")
print("<<<<<<<<-------5------>>>>>>>>>>")
test3("hpl", age=22, sex="m", hobby="tesla")

print("<<<<<<<<-----6------>>>>>>>>")


def test4(name, age=18, *args, **kwargs):
    print(name)
    print(args)
    print(kwargs)
    print(age)


test4("hpl", age=22, sex="m", hobby="tesla")

结果为：

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
{'name': 'hpl', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'f'}
hpl
18
f
<<<<<<<<-----1------>>>>>>>>
hpl
{'age': 18, 'sex': 'n'}
<<<<<<<<-----2------>>>>>>>>
hpl
{'sex': 'm', 'hobby': 'tesla'}
18
<<<<<<<<-------3------>>>>>>>>>>
hpl
{'sex': 'm', 'hobby': 'tesla'}
3
<<<<<<<<-------4------>>>>>>>>>>
hpl
{'sex': 'm', 'hobby': 'tesla'}
20
<<<<<<<<-------5------>>>>>>>>>>
hpl
{'sex': 'm', 'hobby': 'tesla'}
22
<<<<<<<<-----6------>>>>>>>>
hpl
()
{'sex': 'm', 'hobby': 'tesla'}
22

Process finished with exit code 0

细细看，细细品！！！

四，全局变量与局部变量

看代码理解：

# variable（变量）
school = "xi'an university"  # 全局变量


def change_name(name):
    school = "middle school"  # 局部变量
    print("before change is:", name, school)
    name = "hpl"  # 局部变量
    print("after name is:", name)


name = "HPL"  # 全局变量
change_name(name)
print(name)
print(school)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
before change is: HPL middle school
after name is: hpl
HPL
xi'an university

Process finished with exit code 0

是不是还是挺容易理解的！！！

再看这段代码：

# 这种方式强烈不建议使用（樯橹灰飞烟灭）

def change_name():
    global name  # 将变量name用作全局变量
    name = "hpl"


change_name()
print(name)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
hpl

Process finished with exit code 0

五，递归

# 递归
def calc(n):
    print(n)
    if int(n/2) > 0:
        return calc(int(n/2))


calc(100)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
100
50
25
12
6
3
1

Process finished with exit code 0

总结：

1，递归有明确的结束条件。
2，问题规模每递归一次都应该比上一次的问题规模有所减少。
3，效率低

六，高阶函数

# 高阶函数
def add(a, b, f):
    return f(a) + f(b)


res = add(3, -5, abs)
print(res)

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/function.py
8

Process finished with exit code 0

七，字符编码

# 任何码之间的转换都要经过Unicode(万国码)，utf-8是Unicode的一个扩展集，
# 也阔以说Unicode包含utf-8，gb2312也认识Unicode
# encode()表示解码，decode()表示编码

a = "你好，小明！"
print(a.encode("gbk"))
print(a.encode("utf-8"))
print(a.encode("utf-8").decode("utf-8"))
print(a.encode("utf-8").decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312"))
print(a.encode("utf-8").decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312").decode("gb2312"))

G:\Project1\venv\Scripts\python.exe G:/Project1/first_three_weeks/day5.py
b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3\xa3\xac\xd0\xa1\xc3\xf7\xa3\xa1'
b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\xb0\x8f\xe6\x98\x8e\xef\xbc\x81'
你好，小明！
b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3\xa3\xac\xd0\xa1\xc3\xf7\xa3\xa1'
你好，小明！

Process finished with exit code 0

这里要好好地看！！！

好了，这周的学习内容就到此为止，望各位看客大佬发现有不足或错误能留言相告，臣不胜感激！！！

链接: 基础三（1）.