C++标准库——字符串（Standard library: String）

Reference：The C++ Programming Language 4th edition (Bjarne Stroustrup)

1.字符分类（Character Classification）

#include <cctype>

isspace(c)	//' ', '\t', '\n', '\v', '\f', '\r'
isalpha(c)	//'a'..'z', 'A..Z'
isdigit(c)	//'0'..'9'
isxdigit(c)	//'0'..'9',''a'..'f', 'A'..'F'
isupper(c)	//uppercase
islower(c)	//lowercase
isalnum(c)	//isalpha(c) or isdigit(c)
iscntrl(c)  //ASCII 0..31 and 127
ispunct(c)	//not a letter, digit, whitespace, or invisible control charater
isprint(c)	//printable(ASCII ‘ ‘..’~‘）
isgraph(c)	//isalpha(c) or isdigit(c) or ispunct(c)

大小写转换函数

toupper(c)	//to uppercase
tolower(c)	//to lowercase

2. 字符串

#include <string>

标准库提供通用的字符串模板basic_string：

1. basic_string保证字符存储在连续的内存中

2. basic_string强力保证如果有异常抛出，字符串保持不变

专门化的字符串类型：

using string = basic_string<char>

using u16string = basic_string<char16_t>

using u32string = basic_string<char32_t>

using wstring = basic_string<wchar_t>

3. string vs. C-style strings

(1)连接

//C++ style
string address(cosnt string& identifier, const string& domain)
{
    return identifier + '@' + domain;
}

//C style
char* address(cosnt char* identifier, const char* domain)
{
    int  iden_len = strlen(identifier);
    int dom_len = strlen(domain);
    char *addr = (char*) malloc(iden_len+dom_len+2);
    strcpy(addr, identifier);
    addr[iden_len] = '@';
    strcpy(addr+iden_len+1, domain);
    return addr;
}

(2)赋值与比较

//C++ style
void test() 
{
    string s1 = "Ring";
    if (s1 != "Ring") insanity();
    if (s1< "Opera") cout << "check";
    string s2 = address(s1, "Valkyrie");
}

//C style
void test()
{
    char s1[] = "Ring";
    if (strcmp(s1,"Ring") != 0) insanity();
    if (strcmp(s1, "Opera") < 0) cout << "check";
    char* s2 = address(s1, "Valkyrie");
    free(s2);
}

(3)排序

//C++ style
void sortstr()
{
    vector<string> vs = {"Grieg", "Williams", "Bach", "Handel"};
    sort(vs.begin(), vs.end());
}

//C style
void sortstr() 
{
    const char* as[] = {"Grieg", "Williams", "Bach", "Handel"};
    qsort(as, sizeof(*as), sizeof(as)/sizeof(*as), (int(*)(const void*, const void*))strcmp);
}

4. 构造函数（Constructor）

(1) default
explicit basic_string (const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

std::string s1;

s1:

(2) copy 

basic_string (const basic_string& str);
basic_string (const basic_string& str, 
              const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

std::string s0 ("Initial string");
std::string s2(s0);

s2: Initial string

(3) substring: 复制str中从pos开始（注意下标从0开始），长度为len的字符串（并不是[begin, end)）
basic_string (const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type len = npos,
              const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());