leetcode47

题目：

Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations.
Example:
Input: [1,1,2]
Output:
[
  [1,1,2],
  [1,2,1],
  [2,1,1]
]

解法一：
这道题是之前那道 Permutations 的延伸，由于输入数组有可能出现重复数字，如果按照之前的算法运算，会有重复排列产生，我们要避免重复的产生，在递归函数中要判断前面一个数和当前的数是否相等，如果相等，且其对应的visited中的值为1，当前的数字才能使用（下文中会解释这样做的原因），否则需要跳过，这样就不会产生重复排列了。

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> permuteUnique(vector<int>& nums) {
        vector<vector<int>> res;
        vector<int> out, visited(nums.size(), 0);
        sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());
        permuteUniqueDFS(nums, 0, visited, out, res);
        return res;
    }
    void permuteUniqueDFS(vector<int>& nums, int level, vector<int>& visited, vector<int>& out, vector<vector<int>>& res) {
        if (level >= nums.size()) {res.push_back(out); return;}
        for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); ++i) {
            if (visited[i] == 1) continue;
            if (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && visited[i - 1] == 0) continue;
            visited[i] = 1;
            out.push_back(nums[i]);
            permuteUniqueDFS(nums, level + 1, visited, out, res);
            out.pop_back();
            visited[i] = 0;
        }
    }
};

解法二:
在使用上面的方法的时候，一定要能弄清楚递归函数的for循环中两个if的剪枝的意思。在此之前，首先要弄清楚level的含义，这里由于我们是用数组out来拼排列结果，这里的level其实就是当前已经拼成的个数，其实就是out数组的长度。我们看到，for循环的起始是从0开始的，而本题的解法二，三，四都是用了一个start变量，从而for循环都是从start开始，一定要分清楚start和本解法中的level的区别。由于递归的for都是从0开始，难免会重复遍历到数字，而全排列不能重复使用数字，意思是每个nums中的数字在全排列中只能使用一次（当然这并不妨碍nums中存在重复数字）。不能重复使用数字就靠visited数组来保证，这就是第一个if剪枝的意义所在。关键来看第二个if剪枝的意义，这里说当前数字和前一个数字相同，且前一个数字的visited值为0的时候，必须跳过。这里的前一个数visited值为0，并不代表前一个数字没有被处理过，也可能是递归结束后恢复状态时将visited值重置为0了，实际上就是这种情况，下面打印了一些中间过程的变量值.

level = 0, i = 0 => out: {}
level = 1, i = 0 => out: {1 } skipped 1
level = 1, i = 1 => out: {1 }
level = 2, i = 0 => out: {1 2 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 1 => out: {1 2 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 2 => out: {1 2 }
level = 3 => saved  {1 2 2}
level = 3, i = 0 => out: {1 2 2 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 1 => out: {1 2 2 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 2 => out: {1 2 2 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 2 => out: {1 2 2 } -> {1 2 } recovered
level = 1, i = 1 => out: {1 2 } -> {1 } recovered
level = 1, i = 2 => out: {1 } skipped 2
level = 0, i = 0 => out: {1 } -> {} recovered
level = 0, i = 1 => out: {}
level = 1, i = 0 => out: {2 }
level = 2, i = 0 => out: {2 1 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 1 => out: {2 1 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 2 => out: {2 1 }
level = 3 => saved  {1 2 2}
level = 3, i = 0 => out: {2 1 2 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 1 => out: {2 1 2 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 2 => out: {2 1 2 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 2 => out: {2 1 2 } -> {2 1 } recovered
level = 1, i = 0 => out: {2 1 } -> {2 } recovered
level = 1, i = 1 => out: {2 } skipped 1
level = 1, i = 2 => out: {2 }
level = 2, i = 0 => out: {2 2 }
level = 3 => saved  {1 2 2}
level = 3, i = 0 => out: {2 2 1 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 1 => out: {2 2 1 } skipped 1
level = 3, i = 2 => out: {2 2 1 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 0 => out: {2 2 1 } -> {2 2 } recovered
level = 2, i = 1 => out: {2 2 } skipped 1
level = 2, i = 2 => out: {2 2 } skipped 1
level = 1, i = 2 => out: {2 2 } -> {2 } recovered
level = 0, i = 1 => out: {2 } -> {} recovered
level = 0, i = 2 => out: {} skipped 2

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> permuteUnique(vector<int>& nums) {
        set<vector<int>> res;
        permute(nums, 0, res);
        return vector<vector<int>> (res.begin(), res.end());
    }
    void permute(vector<int>& nums, int start, set<vector<int>>& res) {
        if (start >= nums.size()) res.insert(nums);
        for (int i = start; i < nums.size(); ++i) {
            if (i != start && nums[i] == nums[start]) continue;
            swap(nums[i], nums[start]);
            permute(nums, start + 1, res);
            swap(nums[i], nums[start]);
        }
    }
};