Swift 协议(十八)

协议 (Protocols)

用于统一方法和属性的名称，而不实现任何功能，能够被类、枚举、结构体实现，满足协议要求的都成为协议的遵循者，遵循者需要提供协议指定的成员，如方法，属性，操作符，下标。

1.语法

protocol SomeProtocol {
    // protocol definition goes here
}

// 中间以冒号分隔实现协议，有多个协议的话，协议之间逗号分隔
struct SomeStructure: FirstProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
    // structure definition goes here
}

// 含有父类的同时实现协议，父类写在协议之前
class SomeClass: SomeSuperclass, FirstProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
    // class definition goes here
}

2.属性要求

协议要求其遵循者提供一个实例属性和一个类属性，不要求是否有存储属性或计算属性，只指定所需的属性名称和类型

protocol SomeProtocol {
    var mustBeSettable: Int { get set }
    var doesNotNeedToBeSettable: Int { get }
}

// 用类实现协议时，用class关键字表示该属性为类成员，用结构体或枚举实现协议时，用static关键字表示
protocol AnotherProtocol {
    class var someTypeProperty: Int { get set }
}
protocol FullyNamed {
    var fullName: String { get }
}
struct Person: FullyNamed {
    var fullName: String
}
let john = Person(fullName: "John Appleseed")
// john.fullName is "John Appleseed"

class Starship: FullyNamed {
    var prefix: String?
    var name: String
    init(name: String, prefix: String? = nil) {
        self.name = name
        self.prefix = prefix
    }
    var fullName: String {
    return (prefix ? prefix! + " " : "") + name
    }
}
var ncc1701 = Starship(name: "Enterprise", prefix: "USS")
// ncc1701.fullName is "USS Enterprise"

3.方法要求

协议要求其遵循者必须具备某种特定的实例方法和类方法，协议方法的声明与普通方法类似，但不需要方法的内容，协议方法支持变长参数，不支持默认参数

protocol SomeProtocol {
    class func someTypeMethod()
}
protocol RandomNumberGenerator {
    func random() -> Double
}


class LinearCongruentialGenerator: RandomNumberGenerator {
    var lastRandom = 42.0
    let m = 139968.0
    let a = 3877.0
    let c = 29573.0
    func random() -> Double {
        lastRandom = ((lastRandom * a + c) % m)
        return lastRandom / m
    }
}
let generator = LinearCongruentialGenerator()
println("Here's a random number: \(generator.random())")
// prints "Here's a random number: 0.37464991998171"
println("And another one: \(generator.random())")
// prints "And another one: 0.729023776863283"

4.突变方法要求 Mutating Method Requirements

能在方法或函数内部改变实例类型的方法成为突变方法，在值类型中的函数前缀加上mutating关键字表示该函数允许改变实例和其属性的类型

protocol Togglable {
    mutating func toggle()
}


enum OnOffSwitch: Togglable {
    case Off, On
    mutating func toggle() {
        switch self {
        case Off:
            self = On
        case On:
            self = Off
        }
    }
}
var lightSwitch = OnOffSwitch.Off
lightSwitch.toggle()
// lightSwitch is now equal to .On

5.协议类型

协议本身不实现任何功能，但仍可以当做类型来使用

class Dice {
    let sides: Int
    let generator: RandomNumberGenerator
    init(sides: Int, generator: RandomNumberGenerator) {
        self.sides = sides
        self.generator = generator
    }
    func roll() -> Int {
        return Int(generator.random() * Double(sides)) + 1
    }
}


var d6 = Dice(sides: 6, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
for _ in 1...5 {
    println("Random dice roll is \(d6.roll())")
}
// Random dice roll is 3
// Random dice roll is 5
// Random dice roll is 4
// Random dice roll is 5
// Random dice roll is 4

6.委托(代理)

委托是一种设计模式，允许类或结构体将一些需要他们负责的功能委托给其他类型，只需定义协议来封装需要被委托的行数和方法，使其遵循者拥有这些被委托的函数和方法
委托可以响应特定的动作和接受外部数据源提供的数据，而无需知道外部数据源的类型

// 以下是控制流章节的掷骰子的委托方式写法
protocol DiceGame {
    var dice: Dice { get }
    func play()
}
protocol DiceGameDelegate {
    func gameDidStart(game: DiceGame)
    func game(game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int)
    func gameDidEnd(game: DiceGame)
}

class SnakesAndLadders: DiceGame {
    let finalSquare = 25
    let dice = Dice(sides: 6, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
    var square = 0
    var board: Int[]
    init() {
        board = Int[](count: finalSquare + 1, repeatedValue: 0)
        board[03] = +08; board[06] = +11; board[09] = +09; board[10] = +02
        board[14] = -10; board[19] = -11; board[22] = -02; board[24] = -08
    }
    var delegate: DiceGameDelegate?
    func play() {
        square = 0
        delegate?.gameDidStart(self)
        gameLoop: while square != finalSquare {
            let diceRoll = dice.roll()
            delegate?.game(self, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll: diceRoll)
            switch square + diceRoll {
            case finalSquare:
                break gameLoop
            case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare:
                continue gameLoop
            default:
                square += diceRoll
                square += board[square]
            }
        }
        delegate?.gameDidEnd(self)
    }
}

class DiceGameTracker: DiceGameDelegate {
    var numberOfTurns = 0
    func gameDidStart(game: DiceGame) {
        numberOfTurns = 0
        if game is SnakesAndLadders {
            println("Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders")
        }
        println("The game is using a \(game.dice.sides)-sided dice")
    }
    func game(game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int) {
        ++numberOfTurns
        println("Rolled a \(diceRoll)")
    }
    func gameDidEnd(game: DiceGame) {
        println("The game lasted for \(numberOfTurns) turns")
    }
}

let tracker = DiceGameTracker()
let game = SnakesAndLadders()
game.delegate = tracker
game.play()
// Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders
// The game is using a 6-sided dice
// Rolled a 3
// Rolled a 5
// Rolled a 4
// Rolled a 5
// The game lasted for 4 turns

7.在扩展中添加协议成员

在无法修改源代码的情况下，依然可以通过通过扩展来扩充已存在的类型，扩展可以为已存在的类型添加属性，方法，下标，协议等成员。

// TextRepresentable 协议含有一个asText方法
protocol TextRepresentable {
    func asText() -> String
}

// 通过扩展为Dice类遵循 TextRepresentable 协议，之后Dice类型的实例就可以当做 TextRepresentable类型
extension Dice: TextRepresentable {
    func asText() -> String {
        return "A \(sides)-sided dice"
    }
}
let d12 = Dice(sides: 12, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
println(d12.asText())
// prints "A 12-sided dice"

// SnakeAndLadders 通过扩展方式遵循TextRepresentable协议
extension SnakesAndLadders: TextRepresentable {
    func asText() -> String {
        return "A game of Snakes and Ladders with \(finalSquare) squares"
    }
}
println(game.asText())
// prints "A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares"

7.1通过扩展补充协议声明

当一个类型已经实现了协议中的所有要求，却没有声明，可以通过扩展来补充协议声明

struct Hamster {
    var name: String
    func asText() -> String {
        return "A hamster named \(name)"
    }
}
extension Hamster: TextRepresentable {}


let simonTheHamster = Hamster(name: "Simon")
let somethingTextRepresentable: TextRepresentable = simonTheHamster
println(somethingTextRepresentable.asText())
// prints "A hamster named Simon"

8.集合中的协议

协议类型可以被集合使用，表示集合中的所有元素均为协议类型

let things: TextRepresentable[] = [game, d12, simonTheHamster]
for thing in things {
    println(thing.asText())
}
// A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares
// A 12-sided dice
// A hamster named Simon

9.协议的继承

协议能够继承一个或多个其他协议，多个协议用逗号分隔

protocol InheritingProtocol: SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
    // protocol definition goes here
}
protocol PrettyTextRepresentable: TextRepresentable {
    func asPrettyText() -> String
}
extension SnakesAndLadders: PrettyTextRepresentable {
    func asPrettyText() -> String {
        var output = asText() + ":\n"
        for index in 1...finalSquare {
            switch board[index] {
            case let ladder where ladder > 0:
                output += "▲ "
            case let snake where snake < 0:
                output += "▼ "
            default:
                output += "○ "
            }
        }
        return output
    }
}

println(game.asPrettyText())
// A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares:
// ○ ○ ▲ ○ ○ ▲ ○ ○ ▲ ▲ ○ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ○ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ▼ ○

10.协议的合成

一个协议可由多个协议进行组合，格式 protocol<SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol>，协议的合成并不会生成一个新的协议类型，而是将多个协议合成一个临时的协议，超出范围后立即失效

protocol Named {
    var name: String { get }
}
protocol Aged {
    var age: Int { get }
}
struct Person: Named, Aged {
    var name: String
    var age: Int
}
func wishHappyBirthday(celebrator: protocol<Named, Aged>) {
    println("Happy birthday \(celebrator.name) - you're \(celebrator.age)!")
}
let birthdayPerson = Person(name: "Malcolm", age: 21)
wishHappyBirthday(birthdayPerson)
// prints "Happy birthday Malcolm - you're 21!"

11.检查协议的一致性

使用is检验协议一致性，是否遵循了某个协议，使用as将协议类型向下强制转换为其他的协议类型，as?返回一个可选值，当实例遵循某种类型时，返回该协议类型，否则返回nil

@objc protocol HasArea {
    var area: Double { get }
}

// Circle和Country都遵循了HasArea协议
class Circle: HasArea {
    let pi = 3.1415927
    var radius: Double
    var area: Double { return pi * radius * radius }
    init(radius: Double) { self.radius = radius }
}
class Country: HasArea {
    var area: Double
    init(area: Double) { self.area = area }
}

// Animal没有实现任何协议
class Animal {
    var legs: Int
    init(legs: Int) { self.legs = legs }
}

// 采用AnyObject来装载他们的实例
let objects: AnyObject[] = [
    Circle(radius: 2.0),
    Country(area: 243_610),
    Animal(legs: 4)
]

// 迭代检查数组元素是否遵循某种协议
for object in objects {
    if let objectWithArea = object as? HasArea {
        println("Area is \(objectWithArea.area)")
    } else {
        println("Something that doesn't have an area")
    }
}
// Area is 12.5663708
// Area is 243610.0
// Something that doesn't have an area

12.可选协议要求

在协议中使用 @optional 关键字前缀表示可选成员，让遵循者选择是否实现这些成员，可选成员在调用时使用可选链

// CounterDataSource 含有incrementForCount的可选方法和fixedIncrement的可选属性
@objc protocol CounterDataSource {
    @optional func incrementForCount(count: Int) -> Int
    @optional var fixedIncrement: Int { get }
}

// Couner含有 CounterDataSource? 类型的可选属性 dataSource
@objc class Counter {
    var count = 0
    var dataSource: CounterDataSource?
    func increment() {
        if let amount = dataSource?.incrementForCount?(count) {
            count += amount
        } else if let amount = dataSource?.fixedIncrement? {
            count += amount
        }
    }
}

class ThreeSource: CounterDataSource {
    let fixedIncrement = 3
}

var counter = Counter()
counter.dataSource = ThreeSource()
for _ in 1...4 {
    counter.increment()
    println(counter.count)
}
// 3
// 6
// 9
// 12

class TowardsZeroSource: CounterDataSource {
    func incrementForCount(count: Int) -> Int {
        if count == 0 {
            return 0
        } else if count < 0 {
            return 1
        } else {
            return -1
        }
    }
}

counter.count = -4
counter.dataSource = TowardsZeroSource()
for _ in 1...5 {
    counter.increment()
    println(counter.count)
}
// -3
// -2
// -1
// 0
// 0