Typescript基本语法

常用类型

• Boolean

  //Boolean类型定义
  let isDone: boolean = false;
  

• Number

  //Number类型的定义,包括所有类型的数字，整数、小数、浮点数、十六进制数、八进制数、二进制数。
  let decimal:number = 6;
  let hex:number = 0xf00d;
  let binary:number = 0b1010;
  let octal:number = 0o744;
  

• String

  //String类型的定义，'',""都可以, 多行时，可以用反引号``表示。
  let color:string = "red";
  color = 'blue';
  
  let fullname:string = 'abby hua';
  let age:number = 33;
  let sentence:string = `Hello, my name is ${fullname}.
  
  I will be ${age+1} years old next year.
  `
  let sentence2:string = "Hello, my name is "+fullname+".\n\n"+"I will be "+(age+1)+" years old next year."
  
  document.body.innerHTML = sentence2;
  /*
  输出结果：
  Hello, my name is abby hua. I will be 34 years old next year.
  */
  

• Array

  //Array 类型定义
  //Array 定义1, elemType[]
  let list1: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
  
  //Array 定义2, Array<elemType>
  let list2: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]
  

• Tuple

  //Tuple 类型定义, tuple内的各元素类型已经确定，但类型可以不一致，比如string和number混合类型的情况
  let student : [string, number];
  student = ['abby', 30]  //ok
  student = [30, 'abby']  //error
  console.log(student[0].substring(0)) // 可以用string的方法
  student[2] = 'test'  //Error， 给超出定义的index赋值，会报错
  

• Enum

  //Enum 类型定义，第一个元素默认从0开始，后面元素递加
  enum Color {red, blue, yellow}
  let c: Color = Color.blue
  console.log(c)  //输出blue的值1
  
  //手动修改enum设置第一个元素值为1，则后面每个元素从1递加
  enum Color1 {blue=1, red, yellow}
  let c1: Color1 = Color1.blue;  //输出结果：1
  let c2: Color1 = Color1.red;   //输出结果：2
  let c3: Color1 = Color1.yellow;  //输出结果：3
  
  //手动设置每个元素的值
  enum Color2 {red=1, blue=3, yellow=5}
  let c4: Color2 = Color2.red;   //输出结果：1
  let c5: Color2 = Color2.blue;  //输出结果：3
  let c6: Color2 = Color2.yellow; //输出结果：5
  let colorName: string = Color2[1]  //red值为1， colorName为red
  console.log(c4)
  console.log(c5)
  console.log(c6)
  console.log(colorName)
  

• Any

  // Any 类型定义
  // Any 可以表示任何类型
  let notSure: any = 4;
  console.log(notSure);   //输出结果：4
  notSure = 'I am a string!';  //输出结果：I am a string!
  console.log(notSure);   
  notSure = false;
  console.log(notSure);  //输出结果：false
  
  //Any和Object区别. Any可以调用任意方法，Object不可以
  notSure.ifItExists(); //okay, ifItExists might exist at runtime
  notSure.toFixed();  //okay, toFixed exists (but the compiler doesn't check)
  
  let prettySure: Object = 4;
  prettySure.toFixed();// Error: Property 'toFixed' doesn't exist on type 'Object'.
  //Any 也可用于数组元素类型不确定的情况
  let anyArray: any[] = [1, 2, 3]
  anyArray[1] = 'teststring'
  console.log(anyArray)  //输出结果：[1, "teststring", 3]
  
  let anyArray2: Array<any> = [4, 5, 6]
  anyArray2[0] = 'testtest'
  console.log(anyArray2) //输出结果： ["testtest", 5, 6]
  

• Void

  //Void 类型定义, 表示什么也不返回，常用于函数
  function warnUser(): void{
      console.log("This my warning message.")
  }
  warnUser();  //输出结果： This my warning message.
  

• Null and Undefined

  // Null and Undefined 类型定义
  /*
  Null和Undefined是其它类型的子集，可以给其它类型赋值null or undefined.
  */
  // Not much else we can assign to these variables!
  let u: undefined = undefined;
  let n: null = null;
  
  //变量可能是string, 可能是null，可能是undefined时，可以用string | null | undefined来表示
  let str: string | null | undefined
  console.log(str)
  //定义成某一类型，不赋值直接用，vsc里面报错，输出undefined，类型定义成undefined, vsc里面不报错
  let num: number;
  console.log(num)  //输出undefined，vsc报错
  
  let num: undefined;
  console.log(num) //输出undefined, vsc不报错
  

• Never

  • 是其它类型的子类型（包括null和undefined）,代表从不会出现的值
  • 意味着声明never类型的变量只能被never类型所赋值

  let u: undefined = undefined;
  let n: null = null;