ThreadLocal详解
下面引用ThreadLocal的API注释：
This class provides thread-local variables. These variables differ from their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its get or set method) has its own, independently initialized copy of the variable. ThreadLocal instances are typically private static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g., a user ID or Transaction ID)
稍微翻译一下：ThreadLocal提供线程局部变量。这些变量与正常的变量不同，因为每一个线程在访问ThreadLocal实例的时候（通过其get或set方法）都有自己的、独立初始化的变量副本。ThreadLocal实例通常是类中的私有静态字段，使用它的目的是希望将状态（例如，用户ID或事务ID）与线程关联起来。
ThreadLocal由Java界的两个大师级的作者编写，Josh Bloch和Doug Lea。Josh Bloch是JDK5语言增强、Java集合(Collection)框架的创办人以及《Effective Java》系列的作者。Doug Lea是JUC(java.util.concurrent)包的作者，Java并发编程的泰斗。所以，ThreadLocal的源码十分值得学习。
Thread、ThreadLocal、ThreadLocalMap三者关系图
-
Thread中有一个ThreadLocalMap类型的变量threadLocals
-
ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的一个内部类
-
ThreadLocalMap中有一个Entry对象，是一个键值对，key为ThreadLocal，value为设置的对象，ThreadLocal是一个软引用WeakReference
下面我们基于JDK1.8来分析下ThreadLocal的源码
对于ThreadLocal的源码，我们需要重点关注set()、get()、remove()几个方法。
1. ThreadLocal的内部属性
//获取下一个ThreadLocal实例的哈希魔数
private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
//原子计数器，定义为静态
private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode = new AtomicInteger();
//哈希魔数(增长数)，也是带符号的32位整型值黄金分割值的取正
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
//生成下一个哈希魔数
private static int nextHashCode() {
return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
}
set
/**
* Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
* to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
* override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
* method to set the values of thread-locals.
*
* @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
* this thread-local.
*/
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
/**
* Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @return the map
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
/**
* Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}先获取当前线程对象，然后获取当前线程对象的ThreadLocalMap，
如果map不为空，则以当前ThreadLocal实例对象为key，传入的value为value设置到ThreadLocalMap中
如果map为空，则创建ThreadLocalMap对象。并以当前ThreadLocal实例对象为key，传入的value为value设置到ThreadLocalMap中
get
/**
* Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
* thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
* current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
* by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
*
* @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
*/
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
/**
* Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
* of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
*
* @return the initial value
*/
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
/**
* Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
* thread-local variable. This method will be invoked the first
* time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
* method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
* method, in which case the {@code initialValue} method will not
* be invoked for the thread. Normally, this method is invoked at
* most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
* subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
*
* <p>This implementation simply returns {@code null}; if the
* programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
* value other than {@code null}, {@code ThreadLocal} must be
* subclassed, and this method overridden. Typically, an
* anonymous inner class will be used.
*
* @return the initial value for this thread-local
*/
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}先获取当前线程对象，然后获取当前线程对象的ThreadLocalMap，
如果map不为空，则以当前ThreadLocal实例对象为key去获取ThreadLocalMap.Entry对象，判断e不为空，将e.value返回
如果map为空，则进行初始化，初始化就是将initialValue的值set到ThreadLocal中
remove
/**
* Remove the entry for key.
*/
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
e.clear();
expungeStaleEntry(i);
return;
}
}
}
ThreadLocalMap
/**
* ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
* maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
* outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
* allow declaration of fields in class Thread. To help deal with
* very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
* WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
* used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
* the table starts running out of space.
*/
static class ThreadLocalMap {
/**
* The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
* its main ref field as the key (which is always a
* ThreadLocal object). Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
* == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
* entry can be expunged from table. Such entries are referred to
* as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
*/
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
/**
* The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The table, resized as necessary.
* table.length MUST always be a power of two.
*/
private Entry[] table;
/**
* The number of entries in the table.
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize.
*/
private int threshold; // Default to 0
/**
* Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.
*/
private void setThreshold(int len) {
threshold = len * 2 / 3;
}类似于HashMap，内部是一个Entry数组，与HashMap不同的是，
HashMap采用的是除法散列法,ThreadLocalMap采用的是斐波那契散列法
HashMap使用的链地址法（拉链法）解决散列冲突，ThreadLocalMap使用开放地址法。
开放地址法与开链法的不同之处在于如何处理 hash 冲突。当新来一个元素哈希到数组中的位置已经被其它元素占据了该怎么办？
开放地址法会根据当前的位置计算出下一个位置，将这个冲突的元素挪进来。如果这下一个位置也被占用了，那么就再计算下一个位置，直到找到一个空的位置。可以想像，将会有一条虚拟的链条将这些相关的位置串起来。这个虚拟的链条就好比开链法里面的第二维链表。只不过链表有显示的指针字段，而虚拟链条没有，它的这个链条完全是通过数学函数计算出来的。
ThreadLocalMap 采用开放地址法原因
-
ThreadLocal 中看到一个属性 HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647 ，0x61c88647 是一个神奇的数字，让哈希码能均匀的分布在2的N次方的数组里, 即 Entry[] table。
-
ThreadLocal 往往存放的数据量不会特别大（而且key 是弱引用又会被垃圾回收，及时让数据量更小），这个时候开放地址法简单的结构会显得更省空间，同时数组的查询效率也是非常高，加上第一点的保障，冲突概率也低
为什么是0x61c88647，0x61c88647转换为十进制为1640531527，
//黄金分割数 * 2的32次方 = 2654435769 - 这个是无符号32位整数的黄金分割数对应的那个值
long c = (long) ((1L << 32) * (Math.sqrt(5) - 1) / 2);
System.out.println(c);
//强制转换为带符号为的32位整型，值为-1640531527
int i = (int) c;
System.out.println(i);强制转换为带符号为的32位整型，值为-1640531527
黄金分割数的准确值为(√5 - 1) / 2，约等于0.618。
set
/**
* Set the value associated with key.
*
* @param key the thread local object
* @param value the value to be set
*/
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
// We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}-
计算key的hash值，
-
key.threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode()
/** * Returns the next hash code. */ private static int nextHashCode() { return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT); }
所以最终哈希算法：keyIndex = ((i + 1) * HASH_INCREMENT) & (length - 1)
其中，i为ThreadLocal实例的个数，这里的HASH_INCREMENT就是哈希魔数0x61c88647，length为ThreadLocalMap中可容纳的Entry(K-V结构)的个数(或者称为容量)。在ThreadLocal中的内部类ThreadLocalMap的初始化容量为16，扩容后总是2的幂次方
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap规定了table的大小必须是2的N次幂
/**
* The table, resized as necessary.
* table.length MUST always be a power of two.
*/
private Entry[] table;
验证散列
public class ThreadLocalMapHashTest {
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
hashCode(4);
hashCode(16);
hashCode(32);
hashCode(64);
}
private static void hashCode(int capacity) throws Exception {
int keyIndex;
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
keyIndex = ((i + 1) * HASH_INCREMENT) & (capacity - 1);
System.out.print(keyIndex);
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}3 2 1 0
7 14 5 12 3 10 1 8 15 6 13 4 11 2 9 0
7 14 21 28 3 10 17 24 31 6 13 20 27 2 9 16 23 30 5 12 19 26 1 8 15 22 29 4 11 18 25 0
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 6 13 20 27 34 41 48 55 62 5 12 19 26 33 40 47 54 61 4 11 18 25 32 39 46 53 60 3 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 59 2 9 16 23 30 37 44 51 58 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 0 通过输出结果我们发现，斐波那契散列的非常均匀。这也就是斐波那契散列的魅力，减少碰撞也就可以让数据存储的更加分散，获取数据的时间复杂度基本保持在O(1)。
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