《MongoDB权威指南》读书笔记

插入文档

使用insert向集合中插入一个文档：

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> db.test.insert({ "name": "mrbird"}) WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 }) > db.test. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99b8168e0d7b9f6992c69"), "name" : "mrbird" }

插入的文档没有“_id”键的话，这个操作会自动为文档添加一个“_id”键。 批量插入文档则需使用insertMany函数，函数接收一个文档数组：

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> db.test.insertMany([{ "name": "Jane"},{ "name": "KangKang"}]) { "acknowledged" : true, "insertedIds" : [ ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6b"), ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6c") ] } > db.test. find() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99b8168e0d7b9f6992c69"), "name" : "mrbird" } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6b"), "name" : "Jane" } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6c"), "name" : "KangKang" }

要查看一个文档的大小，可以使用Object.bsonsize(doc)函数（单位为字节）：

1 2	> Object.bsonsize(db.test.find({ "name": "mrbird"})) 1215

删除文档

删除文档使用remove函数，接收一个查询文档，所有匹配的文档都将会被删除：

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> db.test.remove({ "name": "mrbird"}) WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 }) > db.test. find() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6b"), "name" : "Jane" } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a99d6468e0d7b9f6992c6c"), "name" : "KangKang" }

要清空整个集合的话，可以使用drop函数：

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> db.test.drop() true > db.test.find()

更新文档

使用update函数更新文档，接收两个参数，查询文档和修改器文档，如：

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> db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird.leanote.com" } > var mrbird = db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) > mrbird.blog = "mrbird's blog" mrbird 's blog > db.test.update({"name":"mrbird"},mrbird) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({"name":"mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId("58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog " }

$inc修改器用来增加或减少已有的键值，如果该键不存在则创造一个。比如：

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> db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog" } > db.test.update({ "name": "mrbird"},{ "$inc":{ "pageview":1}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 1 } > db.test.update({ "name": "mrbird"},{ "$inc":{ "pageview":100}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 101 } > db.test.update({ "name": "mrbird"},{ "$inc":{ "pageview":-50}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 51 }

$inc只能用于整型，长整型或双精度浮点型的值。

$set用于修改文档的字段值，当这个字段不存在的时候就创建一个。如：

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> db.test.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 51 } > db.test.update({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}, ... { "$set":{ "note": "love leanote!!"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 51, "note" : "love leanote!!" }

$set还可以修改键的类型，比如将note键的值改为数组类型：

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> db.test.update({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}, ... { "$set":{ "note":[ "love leanote", "the fun of code"]}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 51, "note" : [ "love leanote", "the fun of code" ] }

$set也可以修改内嵌文档，比如：

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> db.blog. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comment" : { "name" : "xiaohema", "msg" : "学习了，感谢分享" } } > db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, ... { "$set":{ "comment.msg": "好，支持威武有希望了"}}) > db.blog. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comment" : { "name" : "xiaohema", "msg" : "好，支持威武有希望了" } }

使用$unset可删除键，比如：

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> db.test.update({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}, ... { "$unset":{ "note":1}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.test.findOne({ "_id":ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9")}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58a9ace92363ff29a7d881e9"), "name" : "mrbird", "blog" : "mrbird's blog", "pageview" : 51 }

数组修改器

$push会向已有的数组末尾添加一个值，如果数组不存在，则创建该数组。比如：

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> db.blog. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb" } > db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, { "$push": ...{ "comments": { "name": "ltsc", "msg": "不明觉厉"}}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.blog. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comments" : [ { "name" : "ltsc", "msg" : "不明觉厉" } ] }

如果要一次性向数组中添加多个值，可以使用$push结合$each修改器。比如：

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> db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, ... { "$push":{ "comments":{ "$each":[ ... { "name": "Althars", "msg": "siguoyi"}, ... { "name": "jint", "msg": "厉害了我的哥"}]}}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.blog. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comments" : [ { "name" : "ltsc", "msg" : "不明觉厉" }, { "name" : "Althars", "msg" : "siguoyi" }, { "name" : "jint", "msg" : "厉害了我的哥" } ]

$slice可以在为数组添加值的时候截取数组，但必须配合$push和$each一起使用，否则报语法错误，比如：

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> db.user. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa5e8a6a294f5543ff66eb"), "name" : "KangKang", "sex" : "male", "habbit" : [ "basketball", "football", "swimming", "running" ] } > db.user.update({ "name": "KangKang"}, ... { "$push":{ "habbit":{ "$each": ... [ "eating"], "$slice":-3}}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user. findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa5e8a6a294f5543ff66eb"), "name" : "KangKang", "sex" : "male", "habbit" : [ "swimming", "running", "eating" ] }

从结果可以看出，$slice截取了数组最新的三个值。注意，$slice的值必须是负整数。

现在有这么一种情况，$push修改器可以向一个数组中添加重复的值，如：

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> db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird", "email" : [ "mrbird@qq.com" ] } > db.user.update({ "name": "mrbird"}, { "$push":{ "email": "mrbird@qq.com"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird", "email" : [ "mrbird@qq.com", "mrbird@qq.com" ] }

如果希望数组中添加的值不重复的话，可以使用$addToSet修改器：

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> db.user.update({ "name": "mrbird"}, { "$unset":{ "email":1}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird" } > db.user.update({ "name": "mrbird"}, ... { "$addToSet":{ "email":{ "$each":[ "mrbird@qq.com", "mrbird@qq.com", "mrbird@gmail.com"]}}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird", "email" : [ "mrbird@qq.com", "mrbird@gmail.com" ] }

删除数组元素有几种方法，比如$pop，{“$pop”:{"key":1}}表示从数组尾部删除元素，-1则表示从头部删除：

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> db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird", "email" : [ "mrbird@qq.com", "mrbird@gmail.com" ] } > db.user.update({ "name": "mrbird"}, ... { "$pop":{ "email":1}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "mrbird"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa7cb06a294f5543ff66ec"), "name" : "mrbird", "email" : [ "mrbird@qq.com" ] }

另外一个删除数组元素的修改器为$pull，该操作符会将所有匹配的元素从数组中删除。比如：

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> db.user.update({ "name": "KangKang"}, ... { "$push":{ "habbit": "eating"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "KangKang"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa5e8a6a294f5543ff66eb"), "name" : "KangKang", "sex" : "male", "habbit" : [ "swimming", "running", "eating", "eating" ] } > db.user.update({ "name": "KangKang"}, ... { "$pull":{ "habbit": "eating"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.user.findOne({ "name": "KangKang"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa5e8a6a294f5543ff66eb"), "name" : "KangKang", "sex" : "male", "habbit" : [ "swimming", "running" ] }

还可以通过数组的下标修改数组内容，如下所示：

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> db.blog.find({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comments" : [ { "name" : "ltsc", "msg" : "不明觉厉" }, { "name" : "Althars", "msg" : "siguoyi" }, { "name" : "jint", "msg" : "厉害了我的哥" } ] } > db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, ... { "$set":{ "comments.1.msg": "四国以"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.blog.find({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comments" : [ { "name" : "ltsc", "msg" : "不明觉厉" }, { "name" : "Althars", "msg" : "四国以" }, { "name" : "jint", "msg" : "厉害了我的哥" } ] }

这种做法有局限性，就是必须先知道待修改字段的数组下标，可以使用另外一种方法，下面这种方法只需要知道待修改字段就行了：

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> db.blog.update({ "comments.msg": "四国以"}, ... { "$set":{ "comments.$.msg": "看完此文，犹如醍醐灌顶"}}) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 }) > db.blog.find({ "name": "mrbird's blog"}). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58aa47f645b899838bfb6114"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "mongodb", "comments" : [ { "name" : "ltsc", "msg" : "不明觉厉" }, { "name" : "Althars", "msg" : "看完此文，犹如醍醐灌顶" }, { "name" : "jint", "msg" : "厉害了我的哥" } ] }

update函数的第三个参数为upsert，设置为true时，新一个文档，没有找到匹配的查询文档时，插入该文档，找到了就更新，比如：

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> db.blog.findOne({ "name": "mrbrid", "post": "MongoDB文档CUD"}) null > db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbrid", "post": "MongoDB文档CUD"}, ... { "$inc":{ "pageview":1}}, true) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 0, "nUpserted" : 1, "nModified" : 0, "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45") }) > db.blog.findOne({ "name": "mrbrid", "post": "MongoDB文档CUD"}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbrid", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 1 }

update函数的第四个参数为multi，设置为true的时候，批量更新和查询文档匹配的文档，比如将mrbird’s blog集合中所有文档的pageview增加1：

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> db.blog.find(). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 1 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf64b3c8ad0b0d9d65f4a"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB shell", "pageview" : 1 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf65d3c8ad0b0d9d65f4d"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "start Spring Boot", "pageview" : 1 } > db.blog.update({ "name": "mrbird's blog"},{ "$inc":{ "pageview":1}}, ... false, true) WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 3, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 3 }) > db.blog.find(). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 2 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf64b3c8ad0b0d9d65f4a"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB shell", "pageview" : 2 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf65d3c8ad0b0d9d65f4d"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "start Spring Boot", "pageview" : 2 }

另外，调用getLastError可查看最近一次更新的文档数量，如：

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> db.runCommand({getLastError:1}) { "connectionId" : 1, "updatedExisting" : true, "n" : 3, "syncMillis" : 0, "writtenTo" : null, "err" : null, "ok" : 1 }

拥有类似事务特性的更新与查询操作findAndModify。它是原子性的，会返回符合查询条件的更新后的文档。一次最多只更新一个文档，也就是条件query条件，且执行sort后的第一个文档。语法如下：

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db.COLLECTION_NAME.findAndModify({ query:{}, update:{}, remove: true| false, new: true| false, sort:{}, fields:{}, upsert: true| false} );​

1. query是查询选择器，与findOne的查询选择器相同。

2. update是要更新的值，不能与remove同时出现。

3. remove表示删除符合query条件的文档，不能与update同时出现。

4. new为true：返回更新后的文档，false：返回更新前的，默认是false。

5. sort：排序条件，与sort函数的参数一致。

6. fields:投影操作，与find的第二个参数一致。

7. upsert:与update的upsert参数一样。

例子：

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> db.blog.findAndModify({ ... "query":{ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, ... "update":{ ... "$inc":{ "pageview":1}, ... "$set":{ "like":1}}}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 3 } > db.blog.find(). pretty() { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 4, "like" : 1 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf64b3c8ad0b0d9d65f4a"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB shell", "pageview" : 3 } { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf65d3c8ad0b0d9d65f4d"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "start Spring Boot", "pageview" : 3 }

可发现，执行findAndModify后，返回被更新前（默认显示更新前的）的文档，并且只更新了匹配的第一条文档。

如果要返回被更新后的文档，我们设置new 为true：

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> db.blog.findAndModify({ ... "query":{ "name": "mrbird's blog"}, ... "update":{ "$inc":{ "pageview":1}, "$set":{ "like":2}}, ... "new": true}) { "_id" : ObjectId( "58acf0743c8ad0b0d9d65f45"), "name" : "mrbird's blog", "post" : "MongoDB文档CUD", "pageview" : 5, "like" : 2 }