集成与构建指南（4）

1          构建基础知识

1.1         Ant构建脚本

自动化构建的核心是表达构件间依赖关系和构建步骤的脚本，Make工具使用makefile，而Ant使用了基于XML格式的缺省文件名为Build.Xml的配置文件。

1.1.1          Ant项目配置文件

Ant配置文件描述了一个构建项目（project），它由一些属性定义（property）和一个目标树（target tree）组成；目标代表了一个期望的构建结果（例如生成一个链接好的可执行文件），并表述了其依赖的其它目标，常见的构建目标有初始化（Init）、编译（Compile）、单元测试（Test）、安装（Install）、清除（Clean）等；每个目标包含了实现它而将要执行的任务（task），Ant支持的任务种类非常丰富，例如源码编译、文件拷贝、执行命令行操作等。Ant还提供一种非常重要的任务就是执行其它的项目配置文件，使得多个构建项目的批处理成为可能。

1.1.2       Ant配置文件示例

下面是一个Ant项目的配置文件示例：

 

<?xml version="1.0"?> <project name="Improve-Install" default="InstallAll" basedir="."> <description >          Build file for all Improve library project </description>            <!-- task and type extension -->          <taskdef resource="cpptasks.tasks"/>          <typedef resource="cpptasks.types"/>            <taskdef resource="net/sf/antcontrib/antcontrib.properties"/>            <!-- Properties -->          <property environment="sys_env"/>          <property name="proj.root" location="../."/>          <target name="-Init">                    <condition property="cc" value="${mswin32-compiler}">                             <os family="windows"/>                    </condition>                    <condition property="cc" value="gcc">                             <os family="unix"/>                    </condition>                    <echo message="${ant.project.name}: Init Complete"/>          </target>                   <target name="Clean" depends="-Init"                             description="Clean the temporal building space">                    <!-- Delete all files in temporal build space -->                    <delete includeEmptyDirs="true" >                             <fileset dir="${tgt.bin}" includes="objs/*, objs_d/*" defaultexcludes="false"/>                    </delete>                    <delete includeEmptyDirs="true" >                             <fileset dir="${tgt.lib}" includes="objs/*, objs_d" defaultexcludes="false"/>                    </delete>                    <echo message="${ant.project.name}: Clean buildspace Complete"/>          </target>            <target name="AutoBuild" depends="-Init, -Prep" description="AutoBuild all source to get bin out">                    <mkdir dir="${tgt.lib}/objs_d"/>                    <mkdir dir="${tgt.lib}/objs"/>                    <if>                             <equals arg1="${cc}" arg2="msvc"/>                    <then>                             <cc name="${cc}" objdir="${tgt.lib}/objs_d" outfile="${tgt.lib}/improve_debug" outtype="static"                                      exceptions="true" multithreaded="true" runtime="dynamic" debug="true">                                      <compiler extends="${cc}-compiler">                                                <includepath path="${tgt.interface}"/>                                                <includepath path="${getenv.BOOST_ROOT}/include"/>                                                <includepath path="${getenv.CPPUNIT_ROOT}/include"/>                                                <defineset >                                                         <define name="WIN32"/>                                                         <define name="_WINDOWS"/>                                                </defineset>                                                <compilerarg value="/W3"/>                                                <compilerarg value="/GR"/>                                                <compilerarg value="/O2"/>                                      </compiler>                                      <linker extends="${cc}-linker">                                                <linkerarg value="/machine:I386"/>                                                <!--fileset dir="${getenv.LIBS_ROOT}/lib" includes="3d_party.*"/-->                                      </linker>                                      <fileset dir="${tgt.src}">                                                <include name="**/*.cpp"/>                                                <include name="**/*.c"/>                                                <exclude name="exception_ex.*"/>                                      </fileset>                             </cc>                                                <echo message="${ant.project.name}: AutoBuild Complete"/>          </target>              <target name="Test" depends="-Init, TestBuild" description="Perform acception testing">                    <exec executable="test_main_debug.exe" dir="${tgt.bin}"                                      failοnerrοr="true" vmlauncher="false" os="Windows 2000">                             <env key="Path" path="${getenv.Path};${getenv.CPPUNIT_ROOT}/lib;${getenv.BOOST_ROOT}/lib"/>                    </exec>                    <echo message="test_main.exe Debug Version Testing Pass "/>                    <exec executable="test_main.exe" dir="${tgt.bin}"                                      failοnerrοr="true" vmlauncher="false" os="Windows 2000">                             <env key="Path" path="${getenv.Path};${getenv.CPPUNIT_ROOT}/lib;${getenv.BOOST_ROOT}/lib"/>                    </exec>                    <echo message="test_main.exe Release Version Testing Pass "/>                    <echo message="${ant.project.name}: Testing Complete"/>          </target>                     <target name="InstallAll"                             depends="CleanAll, AutoBuild, Install, Test"                             description="Make a clean (re)install and test">                    <echo message="${ant.project.name}: Install/Reinstall Complete"/>          </target>   </project>

 

在此Ant配置文件中定义了项目将引用的一些property，例如环境变量、项目的根目录路径、指定的编译器等；项目的缺省构建目标为InstallAll，它通过依赖定义，使得初始化（Init）、清除（CleanAll）、编译（AutoBuild）、安装（Install）、测试（Test）等目标依次执行；AutoBuild目标执行的cc任务，将对源码进行编译，并通过includepath设置了编译头文件的查找路径，通过linker段指定了需链接的库3d_party.lib。

本项目中各Ant配置文件的具体配置和使用，请参见Ant用户手册等参考资料，和阅读Ant配置文件本身内容。

1.1.3       Ant执行示例

Ant在命令行下执行的示例：