Linux驱动开发——miscdevice通过builtin_misc_device创建过程解析

1.miscdevice定义

在Linux驱动中把无法归类的设备定义为混杂设备(用miscdevice结构体表述)。miscdevice共享一个主设备号MISC_MAJOR(即10)，但次设备号不同。 所有的miscdevice设备形成了一个链表，对设备访问时内核根据次设备号查找对应的miscdevice设备，然后调用其file_operations结构中注册的文件操作接口进行操作。

2.miscdevice、file_operations结构

miscdevice结构定义如下：

struct miscdevice  {
	int minor;
	const char *name;
	const struct file_operations *fops;
	struct list_head list;
	struct device *parent;
	struct device *this_device;
	const struct attribute_group **groups;
	const char *nodename;
	umode_t mode;
};

minor表示次设备号，若由系统自动配置，则可以设置为MISC_DYNANIC_MINOR

name表示设备名

fops表示文件操作集

 

file_operations结构定义如下：

struct file_operations {
	struct module *owner;
	loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
	ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
	int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
	unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
	long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
	int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
	int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
	int (*check_flags)(int);
	int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
	ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
	int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
	long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
			  loff_t len);
	void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
	unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
#endif
	ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
			loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
	int (*clone_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, loff_t,
			u64);
	ssize_t (*dedupe_file_range)(struct file *, u64, u64, struct file *,
			u64);
} __randomize_layout;

通常使用到的结构成员如下：

owner   //拥有该结构的模块的指针，一般为THIS_MODULES

unlocked_ioctl    //执行设备I/O控制命令

llseek    //用来修改文件当前的读写位置

open    //打开文件

read    //读数据

write    //写数据

 

3.创建miscdevice

利用学习的开源LightNVM子系统中创建的lightnvm杂项设备来描述创建过程。

int nonseekable_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp); //由不需要可搜索文件描述符的子系统使用
long nvm_ctl_ioctl(struct file *file, uint cmd, unsigned long arg);
loff_t noop_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence); //实现当用户空间期望搜索成功但（设备）文件实际上无法执行搜索的情况

首先定义miscdevice和file_operations

struct file_operations _ctl_fops = {

        .open = nonseekable_open,

        .unlocked_ioctl = nvm_ctl_ioctl,

        .owner = THIS_MODULE,

        .llseek = noop_llseek,

};

struct miscdevice _nvm_misc = {

        .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,

        .name = "lightnvm",

        .nodename = "lightnvm/control",

        .fops = &_ctl_fops,

};

再调用宏builtin_misc_device(_nvm_misc)来对设备进行注册

让我们看看builtin_misc_device

#define builtin_misc_device(__misc_device) \
	builtin_driver(__misc_device, misc_register)

builtin_driver也是宏，定义如下：

#define builtin_driver(__driver, __register, ...) \
static int __init __driver##_init(void) \
{ \
	return __register(&(__driver) , ##__VA_ARGS__); \
} \
device_initcall(__driver##_init);

即builtin_driver定义了_nvm_misc_init函数，并通过device_initcall调用该函数。

device_initcall涉及到linux设备驱动，详解见linux驱动 之 module_init解析 （上），其中有device_initcall的详细介绍；

device_initcall(_nvm_misc_init) ---> __define_initcall(_nvm_misc_init, 6) 

最终会将_nvm_misc_init放在.initcall6.init段中，注册的函数在kernel启动的时候会按照优先级被顺序执行；

即kernel启动时，会执行_nvm_misc_init函数，该函数会调用misc_register函数。

（builtin_misc_device适用于无需exit模块的设备的注册）

4.misc_register注册miscdevice

内核中misc_register函数

/*
 *misc_register - 注册一个杂项设备
 *@misc：设备结构
 */
int misc_register(struct miscdevice *misc)
{
	dev_t dev;
	int err = 0;
	bool is_dynamic = (misc->minor == MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR);

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&misc->list);

	mutex_lock(&misc_mtx);

	if (is_dynamic) {
		int i = find_first_zero_bit(misc_minors, DYNAMIC_MINORS);

		if (i >= DYNAMIC_MINORS) {
			err = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
		}
		misc->minor = DYNAMIC_MINORS - i - 1;
		set_bit(i, misc_minors);
	} else {
		struct miscdevice *c;

		list_for_each_entry(c, &misc_list, list) {
			if (c->minor == misc->minor) {
				err = -EBUSY;
				goto out;
			}
		}
	}

	dev = MKDEV(MISC_MAJOR, misc->minor);  /*计算出设备号*/  

	misc->this_device =
		device_create_with_groups(misc_class, misc->parent, dev,
					  misc, misc->groups, "%s", misc->name);
	if (IS_ERR(misc->this_device)) {
		if (is_dynamic) {
			int i = DYNAMIC_MINORS - misc->minor - 1;

			if (i < DYNAMIC_MINORS && i >= 0)
				clear_bit(i, misc_minors);
			misc->minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR;
		}
		err = PTR_ERR(misc->this_device);
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Add it to the front, so that later devices can "override"
	 * earlier defaults
	 */
	list_add(&misc->list, &misc_list);   /*将这个miscdevice添加到misc_list链表中*/ 
 
 out:
	mutex_unlock(&misc_mtx);
	return err;
}

misc_register会在内核中注册一个 _nvm_misc设备。
次要编号设置为MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR，则分配次编号并将其放置在结构的minor字段中，

调用device_create_with_groups ，创建一个设备并将其注册到sysfs，
传递的结构链接到内核中，在取消注册之前不得销毁。

所有的miscdevice设备形成了一个链表，对设备访问时内核根据次设备号查找对应的miscdevice设备，然后调用其file_operations结构中注册的文件操作接口进行操作。

这样就能通过file_operations中的注册的操作接口对设备进行操作。