Python day_5

1.函数input()的工作原理

message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ") 
print(message) 

函数input()接受一个参数：即要向用户显示的提示或说明，让用户知道该如何做。在这个示例中，Python运行第1行代码时，用户将看到提示Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:。程序等待用户输入，并在用户按回车键后继续运行。输入存储在变量message中，接下来的print(message)将输入呈现给用户：

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: Hello everyone! 
Hello everyone! 

2.使用 int()来获取数值输入

>>> age = input("How old are you? ") 
How old are you? 21 
>>> age = int(age) 
>>> age >= 18 
True 

如果输入的是数字的话，就要用int()函数来转化成整数，才能进行比较，不然默认是字符串，无法进行比较。
将数值输入用于计算和比较前，务必将其转换为数值表示。

3.求模运算符 %

>>> 4 % 3 
1 
>>> 5 % 3 
2 
>>> 6 % 3 
0 
>>> 7 % 3 
1 

求模运算符不会指出一个数是另一个数的多少倍，而只指出余数是多少

如果一个数可被另一个数整除，余数就为0，因此求模运算符将返回0。你可利用这一点来判断一个数是奇数还是偶数：

number = input("Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: ") 
number = int(number) 
if number % 2 == 0: 
 	print("\nThe number " + str(number) + " is even.") 
else: 
 	print("\nThe number " + str(number) + " is odd.") 

Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: 42 
The number 42 is even. 

4.while 循环

for循环用于针对集合中的每个元素都一个代码块，而while循环不断地运行，直到指定的条件不满足为止。

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:" 
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. " 
message = "" 
while message != 'quit': 
	message = input(prompt) 
 	print(message) 

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: 
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello everyone! 
Hello everyone! 

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: 
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit 
quit 

5.使用标志

在要求很多条件都满足才继续运行的程序中，可定义一个变量，用于判断整个程序是否处于
活动状态。这个变量被称为标志

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:" 
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
 
active = True 
while active: 
message = input(prompt) 
 
 if message == 'quit': 
	 active = False 
 else: 
	 print(message) 

6.使用break语句退出循环

要立即退出while循环，不再运行循环中余下的代码，也不管条件测试的结果如何，可使用break语句。break语句用于控制程序流程，可使用它来控制哪些代码行将执行，哪些代码行不执行，从而让程序按你的要求执行你要执行的代码

prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited:" 
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) " 
while True: 
 	city = input(prompt) 
 
 	if city == 'quit': 
 	break 
 	else: 
 		print("I'd love to go to " + city.title() + "!") 

Please enter the name of a city you have visited: 
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) New York 
I'd love to go to New York! 

Please enter the name of a city you have visited: 
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) San Francisco 
I'd love to go to San Francisco! 

Please enter the name of a city you have visited: 
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) quit 

注意 在任何Python循环中都可使用break语句。例如，可使用break语句来退出遍历列表或字典
的for循环。

7.在循环中使用contiue

要返回到循环开头，并根据条件测试结果决定是否继续执行循环，可使用continue语句，它
不像break语句那样不再执行余下的代码并退出整个循环。

current_number = 0 
while current_number < 10: 
	current_number += 1 
 	if current_number % 2 == 0: 
 		continue 
 
	 print(current_number) 

1 
3 
5 
7 
9 

8.在列表之间移动元素

# 首先，创建一个待验证用户列表
# 和一个用于存储已验证用户的空列表
unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace'] 
confirmed_users = [] 
# 验证每个用户，直到没有未验证用户为止
# 将每个经过验证的列表都移到已验证用户列表中
while unconfirmed_users: 
	current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop() 
 
 	print("Verifying user: " + current_user.title()) 
	confirmed_users.append(current_user) 
 
# 显示所有已验证的用户
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:") 
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users: 
 	print(confirmed_user.title()) 

Verifying user: Candace 
Verifying user: Brian 
Verifying user: Alice 
The following users have been confirmed: 
Candace 
Brian 
Alice 

9.删除包含特定值的所有列表元素

pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat'] 
print(pets) 
while 'cat' in pets: 
 	pets.remove('cat') 
 
print(pets) 

['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat'] 
['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit'] 

10.使用用户输入来填充字典

responses = {} 
# 设置一个标志，指出调查是否继续
polling_active = True 
while polling_active: 
 # 提示输入被调查者的名字和回答
	name = input("\nWhat is your name? ") 
 	response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ") 
 
 # 将答卷存储在字典中
	responses[name] = response 
 
 # 看看是否还有人要参与调查
	 repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) ") 
 	if repeat == 'no': 
 		polling_active = False 
 
# 调查结束，显示结果
print("\n--- Poll Results ---") 
for name, response in responses.items(): 
	 print(name + " would like to climb " + response + ".") 

What is your name? Eric 
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Denali 
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) yes 

What is your name? Lynn 
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Devil's Thumb 
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) no 
--- Poll Results --- 
Lynn would like to climb Devil's Thumb. 
Eric would like to climb Denali.