JAVA并发集合之CopyOnWriteArrayList

  CopyOnWriteArrayList（写数组的拷贝）是ArrayList的一个线程安全的变体，CopyOnWriteArrayList和CopyOnWriteSet都是线程安全的集合，其中所有可变操作（add、set等等）都是通过对底层数组进行一次新的复制来实现的。

    CopyOnWriteArrayList适合用在“读多，写少”的“并发”应用中，且需要在遍历期间防止线程间的冲突。每次写操作（add or remove）都要copy一个副本，在副本的基础上修改后改变array引用，所以称为“CopyOnWrite”，因此在写操作是加锁，并且对整个list的copy操作时相当耗时的，过多的写操作不推荐使用该存储结构。

参考源码（部分）

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
    /** The lock protecting all mutators */
    final transient ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    /** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */
    private transient volatile Object[] array;

    /**
     * Gets the array.  Non-private so as to also be accessible
     * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class.
     */
    final Object[] getArray() {
        return array;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the array.
     */
    final void setArray(Object[] a) {
        array = a;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an empty list.
     */
    public CopyOnWriteArrayList() {
        setArray(new Object[0]);
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lock();
        try {
            Object[] elements = getArray();
            int len = elements.length;
            Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
            newElements[len] = e;
            setArray(newElements);
            return true;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).  Returns the element that was removed from the list.
     *
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lock();
        try {
            Object[] elements = getArray();
            int len = elements.length;
            E oldValue = get(elements, index);
            int numMoved = len - index - 1;
            if (numMoved == 0)
                setArray(Arrays.copyOf(elements, len - 1));
            else {
                Object[] newElements = new Object[len - 1];
                System.arraycopy(elements, 0, newElements, 0, index);
                System.arraycopy(elements, index + 1, newElements, index,
                                 numMoved);
                setArray(newElements);
            }
            return oldValue;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }


    public E get(int index) {
        return get(getArray(), index);
    }

}

源码中可以看到，对于set,remove都会先进行lock,然后copy数组后才操作，操作完成后重新更新到array中。所以对于写操作来说是独占的，性能不无优势。但是对于读来说是没有上锁的，由此得出结论：当我们需要在多线程中使用到集合，且是读多写的情况，就可以选择CopyOnWriteArrayList。