Android6.0 运行时权限

Android6.0的改变：
http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-cn/about/versions/marshmallow/android-6.0-changes.html

Android6.0 API改变：
http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-cn/about/versions/marshmallow/android-6.0.html

讲述了6.0的变化，api的改变，方法的改变，兼容说明等。

然而对开发人员而言，最主要的就是要兼容 Android 6.0 运行时权限 ：Runtime Permissions。因为你会发现当你的targetSdkVersion=23的时候程序会莫名的闪退。
比如：启动摄像头，获取联系人信息，电话短信相关，日历相关，程序都会闪退。

运行时权限：就是当你的操作是有关用户隐私的时候，就会弹出一个授权Dialog，告诉用户APP要使用该权限，然后用户授权选择允许或者拒绝。

Android中哪些是正常权限，哪些是要用户授权的权限呢？

Normal and Dangerous Permissions

Normal Permission： 用户自动授权，直接在清单文件里写就Ok

As of API level 23, the following permissions are classified as PROTECTION_NORMAL:

• ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS
• ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
• ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY
• ACCESS_WIFI_STATE
• BLUETOOTH
• BLUETOOTH_ADMIN
• BROADCAST_STICKY
• CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
• CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE
• CHANGE_WIFI_STATE
• DISABLE_KEYGUARD
• EXPAND_STATUS_BAR
• GET_PACKAGE_SIZE
• INSTALL_SHORTCUT
• INTERNET
• KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES
• MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS
• NFC
• READ_SYNC_SETTINGS
• READ_SYNC_STATS
• RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED
• REORDER_TASKS
• REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS
• REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES
• SET_ALARM
• SET_TIME_ZONE
• SET_WALLPAPER
• SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS
• TRANSMIT_IR
• UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT
• USE_FINGERPRINT
• VIBRATE
• WAKE_LOCK
• WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS

Dangerous Permissions:需要用户授权的权限
然而Dangerous permissions 被android 系统分成了权限组。

Dangerous permissions and permission groups 表格.

Permission Group	Permissions
CALENDAR	READ_CALENDAR WRITE_CALENDAR
CAMERA	CAMERA
CONTACTS	READ_CONTACTS WRITE_CONTACTS GET_ACCOUNTS
LOCATION	ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
MICROPHONE	RECORD_AUDIO
PHONE	READ_PHONE_STATE CALL_PHONE READ_CALL_LOG WRITE_CALL_LOG ADD_VOICEMAIL USE_SIP PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS
SENSORS	BODY_SENSORS
SMS	SEND_SMS RECEIVE_SMS READ_SMS RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH RECEIVE_MMS
STORAGE	READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

---

备注：

READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

Also starting in API level 19, this permission is not required to read/write files in your application-specific directories returned by getExternalFilesDir(String) and getExternalCacheDir().

从android-19开始，getExternalFilesDir(String) and getExternalCacheDir()不再需要权限。

getExternalFilesDir(String)： /Android/data/包名/files/xxx
getExternalCacheDir()： /Android/data/包名/cache

重点：聊完常规权限和需要用户授权的权限，接下来看看如何声明权限，请求权限，处理请求结果等操作。

1，声明权限：

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        package="com.example.snazzyapp">

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS"/>
    <uses-permission-sdk-23 android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS" />

    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>

</manifest>

2，检测权限和请求用户授权

Check For Permissions：

2种情况：1，Android6.0新的api。2，v4兼容api。

新的API：
        activity.checkSelfPermission(permission)

v4兼容API：
        ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, permission)
        ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)

ActivityCompat 和ContextCompat 是继承关系：
public class ActivityCompat extends ContextCompat {}

Request Permissions： 请求用户授权

新的API：
activity.requestPermissions (String[] permissions, int requestCode)
fragment.requestPermissions (String[] permissions, int requestCode)

v4兼容API：
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity, permissions, requestCode);

并不是每次操作都要请求用户授权，so

Request the permissions you need 请求授权之前做逻辑判断

// checkSelfPermission  权限是否已经被允许
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(thisActivity,
                Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)
        != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { // 没有授权

    //之前被拒绝，弹窗说明，你用这个权限干嘛。
    if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(thisActivity,
            Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)) {

        // Show an expanation to the user *asynchronously* -- don't block
        // this thread waiting for the user's response! After the user
        // sees the explanation, try again to request the permission.

    } else {

        // No explanation needed, we can request the permission.
//请求用户授权
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(thisActivity,
                new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
                MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS);

        // MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS is an
        // app-defined int constant. The callback method gets the
        // result of the request.
    }
}else{//权限已经被允许

}

Handle the permissions request response ：处理请求授权

//requestCode：用户请求授权的时候传递的参数
//permissions：权限列表
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
        String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
    switch (requestCode) {
        case MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS: { //常量值
            // If request is cancelled, the result arrays are empty.
            if (grantResults.length > 0
                && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {//用户允许

                // permission was granted, yay! Do the
                // contacts-related task you need to do.

            } else {//用户拒绝

                // permission denied, boo! Disable the
                // functionality that depends on this permission.
            }
            return;
        }

        // other 'case' lines to check for other
        // permissions this app might request
    }
}

---

完整实例代码：xml界面就一个简单的button

package com.heaven.android6;
public class MainActivity extends Activity  implements OnClickListener{
     private Button  btn_rpermission;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
         btn_rpermission=(Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_rpermission);
         btn_rpermission.setOnClickListener(this);
    }


     @Override
     public void onClick(View v) {
        switch (v.getId()) {
         case R.id.btn_rpermission:
             // 如果运行6.0，但是没有做权限处理，直接调用对应的api,程序直接闪退。


             // 权限逻辑处理。  如果清单文件没有配置权限，而去请求的话，程序直接闪退（没有配置一个权限的情况下）
            try {
//               checkSelfPermission  权限是否已经被允许
                 if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
                                 Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)
                         != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                     // 没有被允许
System.out.println("没有被允许");
                     // Should we show an explanation?
                     if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this,
                             Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)) {
                         // 被拒绝，弹窗说明
                         // Show an expanation to the user *asynchronously* -- don't block
                         // this thread waiting for the user's response! After the user
                         // sees the explanation, try again to request the permission.
                         System.out.println("被拒绝，弹窗说明  11111111111111111");
                         Toast.makeText(this, "被拒绝，弹窗提示，让用户自己设置", 0).show();
                     } else { // 清单文件已经配置了权限,第一次请求权限
                         System.out.println("请求权限2222222222222222");
                         // No explanation needed, we can request the permission.
                         Toast.makeText(this, "请求权限", 0).show();
                         // 2种方式  1,6.0api。2，v4兼容api
                         /*requestPermissions(
                                 new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
                                 2);*/

                         ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
                                 new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
                                 2);
                         // MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS is an
                         // app-defined int constant. The callback method gets the
                         // result of the request.
                     }
                 }else{//权限已经被允许
                     System.out.println("权限已经被允许33333333");
                     Toast.makeText(this, "权限已经被允许", 0).show();
                     return;
                 }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            break;
        }
    }

     @Override
     public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
             String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
         System.out.println("99999999999999999");
         if(grantResults.length > 0){
             int length = grantResults.length;
             for (int i = 0; i < grantResults.length; i++) {
                 System.out.println("grantResults = "+ grantResults[i]);
            }
         }
         switch (requestCode) {
             case 2: {
                 // If request is cancelled, the result arrays are empty.
                 if (grantResults.length > 0
                     && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                     System.out.println("准许获取联系人信息");
                     // permission was granted, yay! Do the
                     // contacts-related task you need to do.
                     Toast.makeText(this, "准许获取联系人信息", 0).show();
                 } else {
                     System.out.println("被拒绝");
                     Toast.makeText(this, "被拒绝，弹窗提示，让用户自己设置", 0).show();
                     // permission denied, boo! Disable the
                     // functionality that depends on this permission.
                 }
                 return;
             }
             // other 'case' lines to check for other
             // permissions this app might request
         }
     }
}

更新sdk，下载samples，运行时权限demo位置：
D:\android-sdk-windows\samples\android-23\system