MySQL数据库基本概念
MySQL 5.7 安装
Percona-Server-5.7.19-17-Linux.x86_64.ssl101
基于redhat 6.3操作系统
安装依赖
yum -y install gcc glibc libaio libstdc++ libstdc libncurses ld-linux
下载mysql
解压
tar -xvf /usr/local/Percona-Server-5.7.19-17-Linux.x86_64.ssl101.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
建立软链接 方便使用
cd /usr/local/
ln -s /usr/local/Percona-Server-5.7.19-17-Linux.x86_64.ssl101 mysql
添加mysql 用户
groupadd mysql
useradd -r -g mysql mysql
修改该软连接属性
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql
添加环境变量
echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' >> /etc/profile
source /etc/profile
创建data和binlog 目录
mkdir -p /data/mysql/data -----------------工作目录
mkdir -p /data/mysql/binlog -----------------工作目录
// mkdir -p /data/mysql/{data,binlog}
修改他们的权限
chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/
创建配置文件my.cnf
vim /home/mysql/etc/my.cnf
[mysql]
#CLIENT #
port = 3306
socket = /data/mysql/data/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
#thread_pool_stall_limit=100
# GENERAL #
user = mysql
port = 3306
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
socket = /data/mysql/data/mysql.sock
pid_file = /data/mysql/data/mysql.pid
character_set_server = utf8mb4
skip_name_resolve = ON
lower_case_table_names = 1
back_log = 50
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size=17825792
sort_buffer_size = 16M
join_buffer_size = 16M
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = TRUE
server_id = 183750931
ignore_db_dir = lost+found
default_time_zone = '+8:00'
core_file
local_infile = 1
log_timestamps = system
thread_stack = 512K
#log_warnings = 2
performance_schema = 0
# MyISAM #
key_buffer_size = 8M
myisam_recover_options = FORCE,BACKUP
keep_files_on_create = ON
# SAFETY #
max_allowed_packet = 64M
max_connect_errors = 300
sql_mode = ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
sysdate_is_now = 1
#innodb = FORCE
innodb_strict_mode = 1
# DATA STORAGE #
datadir = /data/mysql/data/
# BINARY LOGGING #
log_bin = /data/mysql/binlog/mysql-bin
binlog_format = row
expire_logs_days = 14
sync_binlog = 1
binlog_cache_size = 1M
max_binlog_cache_size = 2G
# CACHES AND LIMITS #
tmp_table_size = 32M
max_heap_table_size = 32M
query_cache_type = 0
query_cache_size = 0
max_connections=1000
#max_connections=1000
thread_cache_size = 50
open_files_limit = 65535
table_definition_cache = 1024
table_open_cache = 4096
secure_file_priv=''
# INNODB #
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
innodb_log_file_size = 1G
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:512M;ibdata2:512M:autoextend
innodb_write_io_threads = 8
innodb_read_io_threads = 8
innodb_thread_concurrency = 32
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 75
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
#innodb_rollback_on_timeout = 1
innodb_io_capacity = 2000
innodb_io_capacity_max = 6000
innodb_lru_scan_depth = 2000
innodb_flush_neighbors = 0
innodb_print_all_deadlocks = 1
innodb_purge_threads = 4
#innodb_undo_tablespaces = 3
innodb_sort_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_online_alter_log_max_size = 1G
innodb_disable_sort_file_cache = ON
innodb_sync_array_size = 16
innodb_page_cleaners = 8
internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine = INNODB
innodb_checksum_algorithm = crc32
#innodb_file_format = Barracuda
#innodb_file_format_max = Barracuda
innodb_stats_on_metadata = 0
innodb_sync_spin_loops = 100
innodb_spin_wait_delay = 30
# LOGGING #
log_error_verbosity = 2
log_error = /data/mysql/data/mysql_error.log
log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1
log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes = 20
min_examined_row_limit = 100
log_slow_admin_statements = 1
log_slow_slave_statements = 1
slow_query_log = 1
long_query_time = 0.5
slow_query_log_file = /data/mysql/data/mysql_slow.log
#relay_log = /data/mysql/log/relay_log/mysql-relay-bin
#general_log_file = /data/mysql/log/general.log
innodb_undo_log_truncate = 1
innodb_max_undo_log_size = 4G
# REPLICATION
#plugin-load = #"rpl_semi_sync_master=semisync_master.so;rpl_semi_sync_slave=semisync_slave.so"
log_slave_updates=1
#gtid_mode = ON
gtid_mode = OFF
#rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = 0
#rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 25920000000
#rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = 1
#rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave = 1
#rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_for_slave_count = 1
#rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point = AFTER_SYNC
#super_read_only=1
enforce_gtid_consistency = ON
binlog_gtid_simple_recovery = 1
master_info_repository = TABLE
relay_log_info_repository = TABLE
relay_log_recovery = ON
slave_net_timeout = 60
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown = ON
innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup = ON
innodb_buffer_pool_dump_pct = 50
slave_exec_mode = STRICT
slave_rows_search_algorithms = 'TABLE_SCAN,INDEX_SCAN'
slave_parallel_type = LOGICAL_CLOCK
slave_parallel_workers = 16
slave_preserve_commit_order = 1
slave_transaction_retries = 128
#slave_compressed_protocol = 0
#THREAD_POOL
#thread_handling = pool-of-threads
#thread_pool_oversubscribe = 10
#thread_pool_size = 36
初始化
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/home/mysql/etc/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data/ --user=mysql --initialize
获取初始密码
cat /mysql/data/mysql_error.log |grep 'password'
2022-04-22T07:25:36.535421-08:00 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: xtq3vbrbux#T
查看当前有无mysql的进程正在运行
ps -ef | grep mysqld
开启mysql实例
#开启实例
mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/home/mysql/etc/my.cnf &
#关闭实例
mysqladmin -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/data/mysql.sock shutdown
使用临时密码登录数据库
启动之后data目录下面才会出现mysql.sock文件,这时候就能用账号localhost和临时密码通过sock文件来登录
mysql -uroot -hlocalhost -p'上面获取到的初始密码' -S /data/mysql/data/mysql.sock
修改数据库密码
mysql> alter user user() identified by '123456';
如果直接操作数据库会出现下面错误
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.
查看myql.user表的情况,确认新的MySQL用户添加成功
select host ,user,authentication_string from mysql.user;
给root所有权限
mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'127.0.0.1' identified by '123456' with grant option;
mysql> flush privileges;刷新
查看用户权限表mysql.user
select host, user, authentication_string from mysql.user;
退出之后就可以使用新的账号密码来登陆了
exit
mysql- u root -h 127.0.0.1 -p
123456
mysql常用工具或命令介绍
mysql常用管理工具:
mysql应该是最常用的一个数据库客户端工具,通常使用数据库前都需要通过msyql -uroot -p
来连接数据库。
mysqladmin是一个执行管理操作的而客户端程序,可以用它来检查服务器的配置和当前状态、创建并删除数据库等操作。
mysqlbinlog用于管理Mysql服务器生成的二进制日志文件
mysqldump 客户端工具用来备份数据库或在不同数据库之间进行数据迁移。备份内容包含创建表及插入表的SQL语句。
mysqlimport 是客户端数据导入工具,用来导入mysqldump 加 -T 参数后导出的文本文件。如果想要导入sql文件,可以使用source指令source xxx.sql
mysqlshow 客户端对象查找工具,用来很快地查找存在哪些数据库、数据库中的表、表中的列或者索引。
myisampack用于对MyIsam存储引擎中的表进行压缩,压缩后的表只能查询,不能执行插入和更新操作。
mysqlcheck可以用于检查和修复MyIsam表,还能优化和分析表。
mysql常用命令:
select @@version; | 查询当前mysql的版本. |
---|---|
show variables like ‘port’; | 查看mysql实例的端口 |
show variables like ‘socket’; | 查看实例的socket数据 |
show variables like ‘datadir’; | 查看实例的数据路径 |
show databases; | 显示所有数据库名的命令 |
desc tablename; | 显示表结构和列结构的命令 |
show processlist \G; | 显示正在执行的线程 |
explain | 查看语句的执行计划 |
show index from table_name | 查看表的索引情况 |
select * from STATISTICS where table_name=‘XXX’\G | 查看表的统计信息 |
select @@max_allowed_packet; | 查询定义的packet大小 |
show master status | 查看master状态 |
show master logs | 查看所有的log文件,在主服务器上执行 |
show warnings; | 显示最近的警告详情 |
show variables \G; | 查看当前mysqld的所有参数,包括默认值 |
备份:
mysqldump:mysqldump 是一种用于逻辑备份的客户端工具,它会产生一套能够重新构建数据库或表的SQL语句。所谓逻辑备份:是利用SQL语言从数据库中抽取数据并存于二进制文件的过程。逻辑备份文件只能用来对数据库进行逻辑恢复,即数据导入,而不能按数据库原来的存储特征进行物理恢复
innobackupex:xtrabackup是percona团队研发的备份工具,比MySQL官方的ibbackup的功能还要多。支持myisam温全备、innodb热全备和温增备,还可以实现innodb的定时点恢复,而且备份和恢复的速度都较快。在目前MySQL的备份实现上,考虑价格、速度、安全、一致性等角度,xtrabackup是非常合适的工具。
使用mysqldump工具来实现数据库的复制
复制基本介绍
replication角色 主机IP(根据实际情况) MySQL版本
master 192.168.100.20 MYSQL5.7.19
slave 192.168.100.150 MYSQL5.7.19
不开启GTID的情况下(在创建配置文件my.cnf中注释)
配置master和slave的配置文件,在两者的配置文件中增加或是修改如下内容
[mysqld] # master
datadir=/data/mysql/data
socket=/data/mysql/data/mysql.sock
log-bin=master-bin
sync-binlog=1
server-id=100
#----------------------------------
[mysqld] # slave
datadir=/data/mysql/data
socket=/data/mysql/data/mysql.sock
relay-log=slave-bin
server-id=111
#------------------------------------
重启master和slave的MYSQL实例
ps -ef |grep mysqld 查看进程
这里ip和端口号以及密码均只做参考,均开启各自的数据库实例
#开启实例
mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/home/mysql/etc/my.cnf &
#关闭实例
mysqladmin -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/data/mysql.sock shutdown
在master上创建复制专用的用户 看情况决定参数
create user 'repl'@'192.168.100.%' identified by 'P@ssword1!';
grant REPLICATION SLAVE on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.100.%';
flush privileges;
导出master中所有数据库的数据
#--master-data值为2会注释change master,值为1或者没有提供值时,这些语句是直接激活的。同时,--master-data会锁定所有表(如果同时使用了--single-transaction,则不是锁所有表
mysqldump -uroot -p --all-databases --master-data=2 >master.sql
从master.sql中获取到binlog的坐标
grep -i -m 1 'change master to' master.sql
在从库执行导出的master.sql
mysql -uroot -p -h 127.1 -e 'source master.sql'
从库连接master
ysql> change master to
master_host='192.168.43.42',
master_port=3306,
master_user='repl',
master_password='P@ssword1!',
master_log_file='master-bin.000002',
master_log_pos=773;
启动IO线程和SQL线程
#一次性启动
start slave;
#分开执行
start slave io_thread;
start slave sql_thread;
在从库查看同步信息
mysql> show slave status\G
Master_Log_File:IO线程正在读取的master binlog
Read_Master_Log_Pos:IO线程已经读取到master binlog的哪个位置
Relay_Log_File:SQL线程正在读取和执行的relay log
Relay_Log_Pos:SQL线程已经读取和执行到relay log的哪个位置
Relay_Master_Log_File:SQL线程最近执行的操作对应的是哪个master binlog
Exec_Master_Log_Pos:SQL线程最近执行的操作对应的是master binlog的哪个位置
reset master与reset slave
reset slave会删除master.info/relay-log.info和relay log,然后新生成一个relay log。但是change master to设置的连接 参数还在内存中保留着,所以此时可以直接start slave,并根据内存中的change master to连接参数复制日志。
reset slave all除了删除reset slave删除的东西,还删除内存中的change master to设置的连接信息
reset master会删除master上所有的二进制日志,并新建一个日志。在正常运行的主从复制环境中,执行reset master很可 能导致异常状况。所以建议使用purge来删除某个时间点之前的日志(应该保证只删除那些已经复制完成的日志),生产环境慎用
Log_Pos:SQL线程最近执行的操作对应的是master binlog的哪个位置