ArrayList源码阅读

ArrayList源码阅读（基于jdk1.8）

我们先来看看类的定义：

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

用的都是Java泛型，继承了AbstractList类，实现了List、RandomAccess、Cloneable、Serializable接口，大致可以了解到了ArrayList是个列表，可以实现克隆，序列化，随机访问，RandomAccess相当于一个随机访问的标志。

private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

ArrayList默认初始容量为10，另外我们知道HashMap的默认初始容量为16，而普通的数组是没有默认初始大小的。底层数据结构就是一个object数组
我们也可以自定义初始容量：

public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        //新建object数组时判断下初始容量的参数是否大于0，若果等于0，则依旧为空数组，如果小于0，那么抛出非法异常
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }
/**
     * 使用默认值10构建一个空的List
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }
    //我们也可以构建一个包含collection的ArrayList
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
            // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        } else {
            // replace with empty array.
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }

ArrayList的扩容

我们常说ArrayList就是一个动态数组，是因为它实现了动态扩容的机制。

/**
     * 如果有必要，增加ArrayList实例的容量以确保它至少能够容纳元素的数量   
     * @param   minCapacity   所需的最少容量
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
            // any size if not default element table
            ? 0
            // larger than default for default empty table. It's already
            // supposed to be at default size.
            : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;

        if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }
    }
//计算最小的扩容量
    private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
        //返回默认容量和输入最小容量的较大值
            return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }
        return minCapacity;
    }
//判断是否需要扩容
    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
        //进行扩容
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * 要分配的最大数组大小
     */
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    /**
     * 
     * ArrayList扩容核心方法
     * @param minCapacity 所需的最小容量
     */
    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // oldCapacity存放旧的容量，newCapacity存放新容量
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        //计算新容量，用到了位运算，相当于newCapacity=1.5倍的oldCapacity
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        //检查新容量是否大于最小需要容量，若还是小于最小需要容量，那么就把最小需要容量当作数组的新容量
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        /* 如果新容量大于数组定义的最大容量，那么调用 
        hugeCapacity(minCapacity)来比较minCapacity和  MAX_ARRAY_SIZE
        如果minCapacity大于MAX_ARRAY_SIZE，则新容量则为Interger.MAX_VALUE，否则，新容量大小则为 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE。
        */
        
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        //最后要调用Arrays.copyOf将原数组整个复制到新数组里，这一操作性能开销较大
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

System.arraycopy()和Arrays.copyOf()方法

• arraycopy()需要目标数组，将原数组拷贝到你自己定义的数组里，而且可以选择拷贝的起点和长度以及放入新数组中的位置，arraycopy由本地方法C语言具体实现

public static native void arraycopy(Object src,  int  srcPos,
                                        Object dest, int destPos,
                                        int length);

提示：我源码是在Oraclejdk里面查看的，并不是openjdk，所以如果想查看openjdk中相关的native本地方法源码，需要再去下载openjdk。
拿上述arraycopy方法举例:
在jvm.cpp文件中会有如下代码

JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_ArrayCopy(JNIEnv *env, jclass ignored, jobject src, jint src_pos,
                               jobject dst, jint dst_pos, jint length))
  JVMWrapper("JVM_ArrayCopy");
  // Check if we have null pointers
  if (src == NULL || dst == NULL) {
    THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException());
  }
  arrayOop s = arrayOop(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(src));
  arrayOop d = arrayOop(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(dst));
  assert(s->is_oop(), "JVM_ArrayCopy: src not an oop");
  assert(d->is_oop(), "JVM_ArrayCopy: dst not an oop");
  // Do copy
  s->klass()->copy_array(s, src_pos, d, dst_pos, length, thread);
JVM_END

会发现上述代码只是对空指针做了检查，具体的拷贝函数我们还需要找到objArrayKlass.cpp文件

void ObjArrayKlass::copy_array(arrayOop s, int src_pos, arrayOop d,
                               int dst_pos, int length, TRAPS) {
  assert(s->is_objArray(), "must be obj array");
 //断言，判断是否为数组对象
  if (!d->is_objArray()) {
    THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException());
  }

  // 检查给定参数是不是都有效
  if (src_pos < 0 || dst_pos < 0 || length < 0) {
    THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException());
  }
  // 检查长度范围是否有效
  if  ( (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) src_pos) > (unsigned int) s->length())
     || (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) dst_pos) > (unsigned int) d->length()) ) {
    THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException());
  }

  // Special case. Boundary cases must be checked first
  // This allows the following call: copy_array(s, s.length(), d.length(), 0).
  // This is correct, since the position is supposed to be an 'in between point', i.e., s.length(),
  // points to the right of the last element.
  if (length==0) {
    return;
  }
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    narrowOop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(src_pos);
    narrowOop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(dst_pos);
    do_copy<narrowOop>(s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK);
  } else {
    oop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<oop>(src_pos);
    oop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<oop>(dst_pos);
    do_copy<oop> (s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK);
  }
}

• copyOf()是系统自动在内部新建一个数组，并返回该数组。
  我们可以发现copyOf()其实还是调用了arraycopy进行实现

public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class)
            ? (T[]) new Object[newLength]
            : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength);
        System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
                         Math.min(original.length, newLength));
        return copy;
    }

Fail-Fast

modCount 用来记录 ArrayList 结构发生变化的次数。结构发生变化是指添加或者删除至少一个元素的所有操作，或者是调整内部数组的大小，仅仅只是设置元素的值不算结构发生变化。

在进行序列化或者迭代等操作时，需要比较操作前后 modCount 是否改变，如果改变了需要抛出 ConcurrentModificationException。

java.util包下的集合类都是快速失败的，不能在多线程下发生并发修改（迭代过程中被修改）

相对应的自然还有Fail-Safe安全失败

采用安全失败机制的集合容器，在遍历时不是直接在集合内容上访问的，而是先复制原有集合内容，在拷贝的集合上进行遍历。

java.util.concurrent包下的容器都是安全失败，可以在多线程下并发使用，并发修改。

和Vector不同，ArrayList中的操作不是线程安全的！所以，建议在单线程中才使用ArrayList，而在多线程中可以选择Vector或者CopyOnWriteArrayList。

ArrayList遍历方式

主要有for each循环，通过下标随机访问，通过迭代器访问三种：
经过测试通过下标随机访问速度最快，迭代器速度最慢

package Collection;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

public class TestArrayList {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
		list.add("hello");
		list.add("World");
		list.add("aaaa");
		
		//第一种：for循环遍历
		for(String str : list) {
			System.out.println(str);
		}
		
		//第二种：利用随机访问遍历
		for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
			System.out.print(list.get(i));
		}
		String[] strArray = new String[list.size()];
		list.toArray(strArray);
		for(int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++) {
			System.out.print(strArray[i]);
		}
		//第三种：通过迭代器遍历
		Iterator<String> ite = list.iterator();
		while(ite.hasNext()) {
			System.out.print(ite.next());
		}
	}

}

完整源码

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    /**
     * 数组的默认初始容量
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
    
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

//保存元素的数组 elementData 使用 transient 修饰，该关键字声明数组默认不会被序列化。


    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * ArrayList的大小 (它包含的元素个数).
     */
    private int size;

    /**
     * 使用指定容量大小构建一个空的list
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 使用默认值10构建一个空的List
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    /**
     * 构造一个包含指定集合的元素的列表，按照它们由集合的迭代器返回的顺序。
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
            // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        } else {
            // replace with empty array.
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 对ArrayList进行大小修建，使之为当前list的大小.  
     * 一个应用可以使用这个操作缩小ArrayList实例所占的存储空间.
     */
    public void trimToSize() {
        modCount++;
        if (size < elementData.length) {
            elementData = (size == 0)
              ? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
              : Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
        }
    }

    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
            : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;

        if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }
    }

    private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }
        return minCapacity;
    }

    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }
    /**
     * 返回list的元素个数  
     */
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }
    /**
     * 利用size是否为0判断list里面有无元素
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    /**
     * 利用对象o的下标是否大于等于0判断list里面是否包含某一特定元素
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return indexOf(o) >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * 返回某个元素在数组中第一次出现时的下标,如果不存在返回-1
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {//如果o为null先遍历数组是否存在为null的元素
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * 返回某个元素在数组中最后一次出现的下标，若不存在，那么返回-1
     * 逆序遍历即可
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * 返回此ArrayList实例的浅拷贝。 （元素本身不被复制。） 
     */
    public Object clone() {
        try {
            ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
            v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
            v.modCount = 0;
            return v;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 以正确的顺序（从第一个到最后一个元素）返回一个包含此列表中所有元素 
     * 的数组
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
    }

    /**
    
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < size)
            // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
        System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;
        return a;
    }

    // Positional Access Operations

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    /**
     * 返回此列表中指定位置的元素。
     */
    public E get(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        return elementData(index);
    }

    /**
     * 设置列表中指定索引的元素
     */
    public E set(int index, E element) {
        //对index进行界限检查
        rangeCheck(index);
        
        E oldValue = elementData(index);
        //用新值替换旧值
        elementData[index] = element;
        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * 在列表末位添加指定元素
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 在此列表中的指定位置插入指定的元素。 
     *先调用 rangeCheckForAdd 对index进行界限检查；然后调用 ensureCapacityInternal 方法保证capacity足够大；
     *再将从index开始之后的所有成员后移一个位置；将element插入index位置；最后size加1。     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);
        
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        //用arraycopy()实现数组复制
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

    /**
     * 删除该列表中指定位置的元素。 将任何后续元素移动到左侧（从其索引中减去一个元素）。
     * 需要调用 System.arraycopy() 将 index+1 后面的元素都复制到 index 位置上，该操作的时间复杂度为 O(N)，可以看出 ArrayList 删除元素的代价是非常高的。
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
        //可以看到在列表特定位置添加元素，删除元素用的都是arraycopy()方法
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // 末尾元素指向null以便GC工作时回收

        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     *从列表中删除指定元素的第一个出现（如果存在）。 如果列表不包含该元素，则它不会更改。返回true，如果此列表包含指定的元素
          */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
     * return the value removed.
     */
    private void fastRemove(int index) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
    }

    /**
     * 移除列表中所有元素
     */
    public void clear() {
        modCount++;

        // clear to let GC do its work
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            elementData[i] = null;

        size = 0;
    }

    /**
     * 按指定集合的Iterator返回的顺序将指定集合中的所有元素追加到此列表的末尾
     */
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    /**
     * 将指定集合中的所有元素插入到此列表中，从指定的位置开始。
     */
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

        int numMoved = size - index;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                             numMoved);

        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    /**
     * 从此列表中删除所有索引为fromIndex （含）和toIndex之间的元素。
     *将任何后续元素移动到左侧（减少其索引）。
          */
    protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - toIndex;
        System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
                         numMoved);

        // clear to let GC do its work
        int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
        for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = null;
        }
        size = newSize;
    }

    /**
     * 检查给定的索引是否在size范围内，不是的话抛出下标越界异常
     */
    private void rangeCheck(int index) {
        if (index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    /**
     * add和addAll使用的rangeCheck的一个版本
     */
    private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
        if (index > size || index < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    /**
     * 返回IndexOutOfBoundsException细节信息
     */
    private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
        return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
    }

    /**
     * 从此列表中删除指定集合中包含的所有元素。 
     */
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, false);
    }

    /**
     * 从此列表中删除其中不包含在指定集合中的所有元素。
     */
    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, true);
    }

    private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
        final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
        int r = 0, w = 0;
        boolean modified = false;
        try {
            for (; r < size; r++)
                if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
                    elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
        } finally {
            // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
            // even if c.contains() throws.
            if (r != size) {
                System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
                                 elementData, w,
                                 size - r);
                w += size - r;
            }
            if (w != size) {
                // clear to let GC do its work
                for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
                    elementData[i] = null;
                modCount += size - w;
                size = w;
                modified = true;
            }
        }
        return modified;
    }

    /**
        * 序列化列表，以流的形式保存状态
          */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException{
        // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
        int expectedModCount = modCount;
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        // Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
        s.writeInt(size);

        // Write out all elements in the proper order.
        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
            s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
        }

        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 反序列化
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;

        // Read in size, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read in capacity
        s.readInt(); // ignored

        if (size > 0) {
            // be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
            int capacity = calculateCapacity(elementData, size);
            SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, capacity);
            ensureCapacityInternal(size);

            Object[] a = elementData;
            // Read in all elements in the proper order.
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                a[i] = s.readObject();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 从列表中的指定位置开始，返回列表中的元素（按正确顺序）的列表迭代器。
     *指定的索引表示初始调用将返回的第一个元素为next 。 初始调用previous将返回指定索引减1的元素。 
     *返回的列表迭代器是fail-fast 。
     */
    public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        return new ListItr(index);
    }

    /**
     * 返回列表中的列表迭代器（按适当的顺序）。 
     *返回的列表迭代器是fail-fast 。
          */
    public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
        return new ListItr(0);
    }

    /**
     * 以正确的顺序返回该列表中的元素的迭代器。 
     *返回的迭代器是fail-fast 。     */
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

       /**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.ListItr
     */
    private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
        ListItr(int index) {
            super();
            cursor = index;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor != 0;
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return cursor;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return cursor - 1;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E previous() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor - 1;
            if (i < 0)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                int i = cursor;
                ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
                cursor = i + 1;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 返回一个fromIndex和toIndex之间的子列表
     */
    public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
        return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
        if (fromIndex < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
        if (toIndex > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
                                               ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
    }

    private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        private final AbstractList<E> parent;
        private final int parentOffset;
        private final int offset;
        int size;

        SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
                int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
            this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
            this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
            this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
        }

        public E set(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
            ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public E get(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
        }

        public int size() {
            checkForComodification();
            return this.size;
        }

        public void add(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            checkForComodification();
            parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size++;
        }

        public E remove(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size--;
            return result;
        }

        protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            checkForComodification();
            parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex,
                               parentOffset + toIndex);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex;
        }

        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            return addAll(this.size, c);
        }

        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            int cSize = c.size();
            if (cSize==0)
                return false;

            checkForComodification();
            parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size += cSize;
            return true;
        }

        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return listIterator();
        }

        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
            checkForComodification();
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            final int offset = this.offset;

            return new ListIterator<E>() {
                int cursor = index;
                int lastRet = -1;
                int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return cursor != SubList.this.size;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E next() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= SubList.this.size)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i + 1;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                public boolean hasPrevious() {
                    return cursor != 0;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E previous() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor - 1;
                    if (i < 0)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
                    Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
                    final int size = SubList.this.size;
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= size) {
                        return;
                    }
                    final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                    while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
                        consumer.accept((E) elementData[offset + (i++)]);
                    }
                    // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
                    lastRet = cursor = i;
                    checkForComodification();
                }

                public int nextIndex() {
                    return cursor;
                }

                public int previousIndex() {
                    return cursor - 1;
                }

                public void remove() {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
                        cursor = lastRet;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void set(E e) {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e);
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void add(E e) {
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        int i = cursor;
                        SubList.this.add(i, e);
                        cursor = i + 1;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                final void checkForComodification() {
                    if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            };
        }

        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
            return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex);
        }

        private void rangeCheck(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index >= this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
            return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size;
        }

        private void checkForComodification() {
            if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            checkForComodification();
            return new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(ArrayList.this, offset,
                                               offset + this.size, this.modCount);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        final E[] elementData = (E[]) this.elementData;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            action.accept(elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new ArrayListSpliterator<>(this, 0, -1, 0);
    }

    /** Index-based split-by-two, lazily initialized Spliterator */
    static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {

        private final ArrayList<E> list;
        private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split
        private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index
        private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set

        /** Create new spliterator covering the given  range */
        ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence,
                             int expectedModCount) {
            this.list = list; // OK if null unless traversed
            this.index = origin;
            this.fence = fence;
            this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
        }

        private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
            int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
            ArrayList<E> lst;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                if ((lst = list) == null)
                    hi = fence = 0;
                else {
                    expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
                    hi = fence = lst.size;
                }
            }
            return hi;
        }

        public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
                new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,
                                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            int hi = getFence(), i = index;
            if (i < hi) {
                index = i + 1;
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)list.elementData[i];
                action.accept(e);
                if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
            ArrayList<E> lst; Object[] a;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) {
                if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                    mc = lst.modCount;
                    hi = lst.size;
                }
                else
                    mc = expectedModCount;
                if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
                    for (; i < hi; ++i) {
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
                        action.accept(e);
                    }
                    if (lst.modCount == mc)
                        return;
                }
            }
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        public long estimateSize() {
            return (long) (getFence() - index);
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
        // figure out which elements are to be removed
        // any exception thrown from the filter predicate at this stage
        // will leave the collection unmodified
        int removeCount = 0;
        final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            final E element = (E) elementData[i];
            if (filter.test(element)) {
                removeSet.set(i);
                removeCount++;
            }
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        // shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
        final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
        if (anyToRemove) {
            final int newSize = size - removeCount;
            for (int i=0, j=0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
                i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
                elementData[j] = elementData[i];
            }
            for (int k=newSize; k < size; k++) {
                elementData[k] = null;  // Let gc do its work
            }
            this.size = newSize;
            if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
            modCount++;
        }

        return anyToRemove;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = operator.apply((E) elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }
}