源码为 2.6.37内核,x86_64架构,内存模型为Sparse Memory
paging_init函数在setup_arch函数中被调用,用于初始化所有节点的pg_data_t结构,以及节点对应的管理区zone结构,和page结构。
调用的大致过程为:
start_kernel()
--> setup_arch()
--> paging_init()
--> free_area_init_nodes()
--> free_area_init_node()
--> free_area_init_core()
--> memmap_init()
具体如下:
paging_init()在setup_arch()中被调用,定义为:
void __init paging_init(void)
{
unsigned long max_zone_pfns[MAX_NR_ZONES]; /* MAX_NR_ZONES = 4 */
memset(max_zone_pfns, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns));
max_zone_pfns[ZONE_DMA] = MAX_DMA_PFN; /* 16M */
max_zone_pfns[ZONE_DMA32] = MAX_DMA32_PFN; /* 4G */
max_zone_pfns[ZONE_NORMAL] = max_pfn; /* 最大物理内存 */
/* 为所有node所拥有的物理page建立mem_sections
* 将放入early_node_map中所有节点的memory region的page放入另外一个mem_section的数组中。
* 使用mem_section目的可能是内存分配更加高效。
* kernel中一个mem_section包含了物理地址相连的固定数目个page。
* 给定一个物理地址,我们可以得到它所在的page,也能得到它所在的mem_section的下标。
* 而sparse_memory_present_with_active_regions的作用就是为给定node所拥有的物理page建立mem_sections.
*/
sparse_memory_present_with_active_regions(MAX_NUMNODES);
sparse_init();
/*
* clear the default setting with node 0
* note: don't use nodes_clear here, that is really clearing when
* numa support is not compiled in, and later node_set_state
* will not set it back.
*/
node_clear_state(0, N_NORMAL_MEMORY);
/* 初始化所有pg_data_t和zone、page的数据 */
free_area_init_nodes(max_zone_pfns);
}
paging_init()调用了free_area_init_nodes函数初始化所有结点的pg_data_t和zone、page的数据,并打印了管理区信息:
/**
* free_area_init_nodes - Initialise all pg_data_t and zone data
* @max_zone_pfn: an array of max PFNs for each zone
*
* This will call free_area_init_node() for each active node in the system.
* Using the page ranges provided by add_active_range(), the size of each
* zone in each node and their holes is calculated. If the maximum PFN
* between two adjacent zones match, it is assumed that the zone is empty.
* For example, if arch_max_dma_pfn == arch_max_dma32_pfn, it is assumed
* that arch_max_dma32_pfn has no pages. It is also assumed that a zone
* starts where the previous one ended. For example, ZONE_DMA32 starts
* at arch_max_dma_pfn.
*/
/* 初始化各个节点的所有pg_data_t和zone、page的数据 */
void __init free_area_init_nodes(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
{
unsigned long nid;
int i;
/* Sort early_node_map as initialisation assumes it is sorted */
sort_node_map();
/*
* 以下设置arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn和arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn为各个管理区的边界
* 即 arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn = {最低pfn-0或64K, 16M , 4G , 0 }
* arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn = { 16M , 4G , max_pfn, 0 }
* { DMA , DMA_32, NORMAL , MOVABLE}
*/
/* Record where the zone boundaries are */
memset(arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn, 0,
sizeof(arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn));
memset(arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn, 0,
sizeof(arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn));
/* 查找early_node_map中的最低pfn */
arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[0] = find_min_pfn_with_active_regions();
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[0] = max_zone_pfn[0]; /* max_zone_pfn = {16M, 4G, max_pfn} */
for (i = 1; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE)
continue;
arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[i] =
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[i-1];
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[i] =
max(max_zone_pfn[i], arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[i]);
}
arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[ZONE_MOVABLE] = 0; /* 现在arch_zone[ZONE_MOVABLE]暂时是空的 */
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[ZONE_MOVABLE] = 0;
/* Find the PFNs that ZONE_MOVABLE begins at in each node */
/* 为每一个cpu node建立zone_movable_pfn。
* ZONE_MOVABLE是在kernel启动时由命令行传入的参数,
* 意义在于指明内核空间中哪些page是可以移动的,
* 其他的内核page则称为kernel core,是不可以移动的。
* find_zone_movable_pfns_for_nodes的作用就是按照
* early_node_map根据每个node的不同内存分布计算出
* 每一个node中movable page的数量.
*/
memset(zone_movable_pfn, 0, sizeof(zone_movable_pfn));
find_zone_movable_pfns_for_nodes(zone_movable_pfn);
/* 打印DMA、DMA_32、ZONE_NORMAL的信息 */
/* Print out the zone ranges */
printk("Zone PFN ranges:\n");
for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE)
continue;
printk(" %-8s ", zone_names[i]);
if (arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[i] ==
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[i])
printk("empty\n");
else
printk("%0#10lx -> %0#10lx\n",
arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[i],
arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[i]);
}
/* 打印ZONE_MOVABLE的信息 */
/* Print out the PFNs ZONE_MOVABLE begins at in each node */
printk("Movable zone start PFN for each node\n");
for (i = 0; i < MAX_NUMNODES; i++) {
if (zone_movable_pfn[i])
printk(" Node %d: %lu\n", i, zone_movable_pfn[i]);
}
/* 打印 early_node_map 数组的信息 */
/* Print out the early_node_map[] */
printk("early_node_map[%d] active PFN ranges\n", nr_nodemap_entries);
for (i = 0; i < nr_nodemap_entries; i++)
printk(" %3d: %0#10lx -> %0#10lx\n", early_node_map[i].nid,
early_node_map[i].start_pfn,
early_node_map[i].end_pfn);
/* Initialise every node */
mminit_verify_pageflags_layout();
setup_nr_node_ids();
/* 对所有节点循环 */
for_each_online_node(nid) {
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid); /* 获得节点的pg_data_t结构 */
/* 调用free_area_init_node初始化节点nid对应的pg_data_t和zone、page的数据 */
free_area_init_node(nid, NULL,
find_min_pfn_for_node(nid), NULL); /* find_min_pfn_for_node函数从
early_node_map数组中找出该节点的最低pfn */
/* Any memory on that node */
if (pgdat->node_present_pages)
node_set_state(nid, N_HIGH_MEMORY); /* 设置该节点拥有regular memory */
check_for_regular_memory(pgdat); /* 没定义CONFIG_HIGHMEM函数为空 */
}
}
而在free_area_init_nodes函数中通过循环遍历各个节点,循环中调用了free_area_init_node函数初始化该节点对应的pg_data_t和zone、page的数据 :
/* 初始化节点nid对应的pg_data_t和zone、page的数据
* @ nid 为节点标识符
* @ zone_size 为null
* @ node_start_pfn 为nid节点的起始pfn
* @ zholes_size 为null
*/
void __paginginit free_area_init_node(int nid, unsigned long *zones_size,
unsigned long node_start_pfn, unsigned long *zholes_size)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid); /* 获得该节点的pg_data_t结构 */
pgdat->node_id = nid; /* 设置节点标识符 */
pgdat->node_start_pfn = node_start_pfn; /* 设置节点中第一个页框的下标 */
/* 计算对于该node来说有多少pages可用,
* 设置pg_data_t中node_spanned_pages成员为节点总的页框数,包括洞
* node_present_pages成员为总的页框数,不包括洞
*/
calculate_node_totalpages(pgdat, zones_size, zholes_size);
/* 在没有定义CONFIG_FLAT_NODE_MEM_MAP的情况下,此函数没作用 */
alloc_node_mem_map(pgdat);
#ifdef CONFIG_FLAT_NODE_MEM_MAP
printk(KERN_DEBUG "free_area_init_node: node %d, pgdat %08lx, node_mem_map %08lx\n",
nid, (unsigned long)pgdat,
(unsigned long)pgdat->node_mem_map);
#endif
/* 调用free_area_init_core继续初始化pg_data_t结构,初始化zone以及page结构 */
free_area_init_core(pgdat, zones_size, zholes_size);
}
继续调用free_area_init_core函数,继续初始化该节点的pg_data_t结构,初始化zone以及page结构 ,
free_area_init_core函数是初始化zone的核心:
/*
* Set up the zone data structures:
* - mark all pages reserved
* - mark all memory queues empty
* - clear the memory bitmaps
*/
/* 继续初始化pg_data_t结构,初始化zone以及page结构 */
static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
unsigned long *zones_size, unsigned long *zholes_size)
{
enum zone_type j;
int nid = pgdat->node_id;
unsigned long zone_start_pfn = pgdat->node_start_pfn;
int ret;
pgdat_resize_init(pgdat); /* 初始化pgdat->node_size_lock自旋锁 */
pgdat->nr_zones = 0;
init_waitqueue_head(&pgdat->kswapd_wait); /* 初始化pgdat->kswapd_wait等待队列 */
pgdat->kswapd_max_order = 0; /* 初始化页换出守护进程创建空闲块的大小,为2^kswapd_max_order */
pgdat_page_cgroup_init(pgdat); /* 空函数 */
/* 遍历每个管理区 */
for (j = 0; j < MAX_NR_ZONES; j++) {
struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + j;
unsigned long size, realsize, memmap_pages;
enum lru_list l;
/* size为该管理区中的页框数,包括洞 */
size = zone_spanned_pages_in_node(nid, j, zones_size);
/* realsize为管理区中的页框数,不包括洞 */
realsize = size - zone_absent_pages_in_node(nid, j,
zholes_size);
/*
* Adjust realsize so that it accounts for how much memory
* is used by this zone for memmap. This affects the watermark
* and per-cpu initialisations
*/
/* 调整realsize的大小,即减去page结构体占用的内存大小 */
memmap_pages = /* memmap_pags为包括洞的所有页框的page结构体所占的大小 */
PAGE_ALIGN(size * sizeof(struct page)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
if (realsize >= memmap_pages) {
realsize -= memmap_pages;
if (memmap_pages)
printk(KERN_DEBUG
" %s zone: %lu pages used for memmap\n",
zone_names[j], memmap_pages);
} else /* 内存不够存放page结构体 */
printk(KERN_WARNING
" %s zone: %lu pages exceeds realsize %lu\n",
zone_names[j], memmap_pages, realsize);
/* 调整realsize的大小,即减去DMA保留页的大小 */
/* Account for reserved pages */
if (j == 0 && realsize > dma_reserve) {
realsize -= dma_reserve;
printk(KERN_DEBUG " %s zone: %lu pages reserved\n",
zone_names[0], dma_reserve);
}
if (!is_highmem_idx(j))
nr_kernel_pages += realsize;
nr_all_pages += realsize;
zone->spanned_pages = size; /* 设置zone->spanned_pages为包括洞的页框数 */
zone->present_pages = realsize; /* 设置zone->present+pages为不包括洞的页框数 */
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
zone->node = nid; /* 设置zone中的节点标识符 */
/* 设置可回收页面比率 */
zone->min_unmapped_pages = (realsize*sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio)
/ 100;
/* 设置slab回收缓存页的比率 */
zone->min_slab_pages = (realsize * sysctl_min_slab_ratio) / 100;
#endif
zone->name = zone_names[j]; /* 设置zone的名称 */
/* 初始化各种锁 */
spin_lock_init(&zone->lock);
spin_lock_init(&zone->lru_lock);
zone_seqlock_init(zone);
zone->zone_pgdat = pgdat; /* 设置管理区属于的节点对应的pg_data_t结构 */
zone_pcp_init(zone); /* 初始化cpu的页面缓存 */
/* 初始化lru相关成员 */
for_each_lru(l) {
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&zone->lru[l].list);
zone->reclaim_stat.nr_saved_scan[l] = 0;
}
zone->reclaim_stat.recent_rotated[0] = 0;
zone->reclaim_stat.recent_rotated[1] = 0;
zone->reclaim_stat.recent_scanned[0] = 0;
zone->reclaim_stat.recent_scanned[1] = 0;
zap_zone_vm_stats(zone); /* 初始化zone->vm_stat为0 */
zone->flags = 0;
if (!size)
continue;
set_pageblock_order(pageblock_default_order()); /* pageblock_default_order()返回9*/
setup_usemap(pgdat, zone, size); /* 定义了CONFIG_SPARSEMEM该函数为空 */
/* 设置pgdat->nr_zones和zone->zone_start_pfn成员
* 初始化zone->free_area成员
* 初始化zone->wait_table相关成员
*/
ret = init_currently_empty_zone(zone, zone_start_pfn,
size, MEMMAP_EARLY);
BUG_ON(ret);
memmap_init(size, nid, j, zone_start_pfn); /* 初始化该zone对应的page结构 */
zone_start_pfn += size; /* 调整zone_start_pfn为下一个zone的起始页面 */
}
}
free_area_init_core函数调用memmap_init函数来初始化page结构:
#define memmap_init(size, nid, zone, start_pfn) \
memmap_init_zone((size), (nid), (zone), (start_pfn), MEMMAP_EARLY)
/*
* Initially all pages are reserved - free ones are freed
* up by free_all_bootmem() once the early boot process is
* done. Non-atomic initialization, single-pass.
*/
/* 初始化该zone对应的page结构体 */
void __meminit memmap_init_zone(unsigned long size, int nid, unsigned long zone,
unsigned long start_pfn, enum memmap_context context)
{
struct page *page;
unsigned long end_pfn = start_pfn + size;
unsigned long pfn;
struct zone *z;
if (highest_memmap_pfn < end_pfn - 1) /* 调整最高mem_map的页面数 */
highest_memmap_pfn = end_pfn - 1;
z = &NODE_DATA(nid)->node_zones[zone]; /* 取得zone的指针 */
for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn++) {
/*
* There can be holes in boot-time mem_map[]s
* handed to this function. They do not
* exist on hotplugged memory.
*/
if (context == MEMMAP_EARLY) {
if (!early_pfn_valid(pfn))
continue;
if (!early_pfn_in_nid(pfn, nid))
continue;
}
page = pfn_to_page(pfn); /* 获得pfn对应的page结构, 此时page还未初始化 */
set_page_links(page, zone, nid, pfn);/* 设置page->flags中关于zone、node、section的标志位 */
mminit_verify_page_links(page, zone, nid, pfn);/* DEBUG用,无视之 */
init_page_count(page); /* 设置page->_count引用计数为1 */
reset_page_mapcount(page); /* 设置page->_mapcount为-1 */
SetPageReserved(page); /* 无此函数 */
/*
* Mark the block movable so that blocks are reserved for
* movable at startup. This will force kernel allocations
* to reserve their blocks rather than leaking throughout
* the address space during boot when many long-lived
* kernel allocations are made. Later some blocks near
* the start are marked MIGRATE_RESERVE by
* setup_zone_migrate_reserve()
*
* bitmap is created for zone's valid pfn range. but memmap
* can be created for invalid pages (for alignment)
* check here not to call set_pageblock_migratetype() against
* pfn out of zone.
*/
if ((z->zone_start_pfn <= pfn)
&& (pfn < z->zone_start_pfn + z->spanned_pages)
&& !(pfn & (pageblock_nr_pages - 1)))
set_pageblock_migratetype(page, MIGRATE_MOVABLE);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&page->lru); /* 初始化lru链表 */
#ifdef WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL
/* The shift won't overflow because ZONE_NORMAL is below 4G. */
if (!is_highmem_idx(zone))
/* 设置page->virtual为页框的虚拟地址 */
set_page_address(page, __va(pfn << PAGE_SHIFT));
#endif
}
}
这样经过paging_init函数,pg_data_t、zone、page等结构完成了初始化。