Kratos源码-Java中的日志框架

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前言

我是从Java语言转过来的，Java经过数十年发展，有些思想是很成熟的，我觉得非常值得借鉴。
这一章重点聊一下Java的两个日志门面，JCL和Slf4j。

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一、日志门面

门面模式（Facade Pattern）也叫做外观模式。
定义：要求一个子系统的外部与其内部的通信必须通过一个统一的对象进行。门面模式提供一个高层次的接口，使得子系统更易于使用。

在Java日志野蛮生长的数十年，发展起来大量不同实现的日志框架，包括但不限于Java语言的自带日志JUL（java.util.logging）、Logback、log4j等，不同的实现给开发带来了更大的学习成本，所以日志门面框架出现了。

一句题外话，日志门面也不是只有一个，所以成本从日志框架上升到日志门面框架了，会不会有一天出现一个日志门面的门面。

日志门面中脱颖而出的有两个，一个JCL，一个slf4j，同为日志门面，他们的实现也是有差异的，JCL是基于ClassLoader动态加载的，而Slf4j是静态绑定的。

二、Java的日志框架-JCL

直接上代码：JCL-github

JCL绑定具体实现一共4种可能性：

1. 从系统属性中获取
2. 基于Java-SPI获取
3. 从配置文件中获取
4. 提供一个默认实现

    public static LogFactory getFactory() throws LogConfigurationException {
        // Identify the class loader we will be using
        final ClassLoader contextClassLoader = getContextClassLoaderInternal();


        // This is an odd enough situation to report about. This
        // output will be a nuisance on JDK1.1, as the system
        // classloader is null in that environment.
        if (contextClassLoader == null && isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
            logDiagnostic("Context classloader is null.");
        }

        // Return any previously registered factory for this class loader
        LogFactory factory = getCachedFactory(contextClassLoader);
        if (factory != null) {
            return factory;
        }

        if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
            logDiagnostic(
                    "[LOOKUP] LogFactory implementation requested for the first time for context classloader " +
                    objectId(contextClassLoader));
            logHierarchy("[LOOKUP] ", contextClassLoader);
        }

        // Load properties file.
        //
        // If the properties file exists, then its contents are used as
        // "attributes" on the LogFactory implementation class. One particular
        // property may also control which LogFactory concrete subclass is
        // used, but only if other discovery mechanisms fail..
        //
        // As the properties file (if it exists) will be used one way or
        // another in the end we may as well look for it first.

		// 3、从配置文件中获取
        final Properties props = getConfigurationFile(contextClassLoader, FACTORY_PROPERTIES);

        // Determine whether we will be using the thread context class loader to
        // load logging classes or not by checking the loaded properties file (if any).
        ClassLoader baseClassLoader = contextClassLoader;
        if (props != null) {
            final String useTCCLStr = props.getProperty(TCCL_KEY);
            // The Boolean.valueOf(useTCCLStr).booleanValue() formulation
            // is required for Java 1.2 compatibility.
            if ((useTCCLStr != null) && !Boolean.parseBoolean(useTCCLStr)) {
                // Don't use current context classloader when locating any
                // LogFactory or Log classes, just use the class that loaded
                // this abstract class. When this class is deployed in a shared
                // classpath of a container, it means webapps cannot deploy their
                // own logging implementations. It also means that it is up to the
                // implementation whether to load library-specific config files
                // from the TCCL or not.
                baseClassLoader = thisClassLoaderRef.get();
            }
        }

        // Determine which concrete LogFactory subclass to use.
        // First, try a global system property
        if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
            logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Looking for system property [" + FACTORY_PROPERTY +
                          "] to define the LogFactory subclass to use...");
        }

        try {
        	// 1、从系统属性中获取
            final String factoryClass = getSystemProperty(FACTORY_PROPERTY, null);
            if (factoryClass != null) {
                if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                    logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Creating an instance of LogFactory class '" + factoryClass +
                                  "' as specified by system property " + FACTORY_PROPERTY);
                }
                factory = newFactory(factoryClass, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader);
            } else {
                if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                    logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No system property [" + FACTORY_PROPERTY + "] defined.");
                }
            }
        } catch (final SecurityException e) {
            if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] A security exception occurred while trying to create an" +
                              " instance of the custom factory class" + ": [" + trim(e.getMessage()) +
                              "]. Trying alternative implementations...");
            }
            // ignore
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            // This is not consistent with the behavior when a bad LogFactory class is
            // specified in a services file.
            //
            // One possible exception that can occur here is a ClassCastException when
            // the specified class wasn't castable to this LogFactory type.
            if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] An exception occurred while trying to create an" +
                              " instance of the custom factory class" + ": [" +
                              trim(e.getMessage()) +
                              "] as specified by a system property.");
            }
            throw e;
        }

        // Second, try to find a service by using the JDK1.3 class
        // discovery mechanism, which involves putting a file with the name
        // of an interface class in the META-INF/services directory, where the
        // contents of the file is a single line specifying a concrete class
        // that implements the desired interface.

        if (factory == null) {
            if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Looking for a resource file of name [" + SERVICE_ID +
                              "] to define the LogFactory subclass to use...");
            }
            try {
            	// 2、基于Java-SPI获取 
            	// protected static final String SERVICE_ID =
        		// "META-INF/services/org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory";
                final InputStream is = getResourceAsStream(contextClassLoader, SERVICE_ID);

                if ( is != null ) {
                    // This code is needed by EBCDIC and other strange systems.
                    // It's a fix for bugs reported in xerces
                    BufferedReader rd;
                    try {
                        rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
                    } catch (final java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
                        rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
                    }

                    String factoryClassName;
                    try {
                        factoryClassName = rd.readLine();
                    } finally {
                        rd.close();
                    }

                    if (factoryClassName != null && ! factoryClassName.isEmpty()) {
                        if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                            logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP]  Creating an instance of LogFactory class " +
                                          factoryClassName +
                                          " as specified by file '" + SERVICE_ID +
                                          "' which was present in the path of the context classloader.");
                        }
                        factory = newFactory(factoryClassName, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader );
                    }
                } else {
                    // is == null
                    if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                        logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No resource file with name '" + SERVICE_ID + "' found.");
                    }
                }
            } catch (final Exception ex) {
                // note: if the specified LogFactory class wasn't compatible with LogFactory
                // for some reason, a ClassCastException will be caught here, and attempts will
                // continue to find a compatible class.
                if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                    logDiagnostic(
                        "[LOOKUP] A security exception occurred while trying to create an" +
                        " instance of the custom factory class" +
                        ": [" + trim(ex.getMessage()) +
                        "]. Trying alternative implementations...");
                }
                // ignore
            }
        }

        // Third try looking into the properties file read earlier (if found)

        if (factory == null) {
            if (props != null) {
                if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                    logDiagnostic(
                        "[LOOKUP] Looking in properties file for entry with key '" + FACTORY_PROPERTY +
                        "' to define the LogFactory subclass to use...");
                }
                // 3、从配置文件中获取
                final String factoryClass = props.getProperty(FACTORY_PROPERTY);
                if (factoryClass != null) {
                    if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                        logDiagnostic(
                            "[LOOKUP] Properties file specifies LogFactory subclass '" + factoryClass + "'");
                    }
                    factory = newFactory(factoryClass, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader);

                    // TODO: think about whether we need to handle exceptions from newFactory
                } else {
                    if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                        logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Properties file has no entry specifying LogFactory subclass.");
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                    logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No properties file available to determine" + " LogFactory subclass from..");
                }
            }
        }

        // Fourth, try the fallback implementation class

        if (factory == null) {
            if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) {
                logDiagnostic(
                    "[LOOKUP] Loading the default LogFactory implementation '" + FACTORY_DEFAULT +
                    "' via the same classloader that loaded this LogFactory" +
                    " class (ie not looking in the context classloader).");
            }

            // Note: unlike the above code which can try to load custom LogFactory
            // implementations via the TCCL, we don't try to load the default LogFactory
            // implementation via the context classloader because:
            // * that can cause problems (see comments in newFactory method)
            // * no-one should be customising the code of the default class
            // Yes, we do give up the ability for the child to ship a newer
            // version of the LogFactoryImpl class and have it used dynamically
            // by an old LogFactory class in the parent, but that isn't
            // necessarily a good idea anyway.
			
			// 4、提供一个默认实现
            factory = newFactory(FACTORY_DEFAULT, thisClassLoaderRef.get(), contextClassLoader);
        }

        if (factory != null) {
            /**
             * Always cache using context class loader.
             */
            cacheFactory(contextClassLoader, factory);

            if (props != null) {
                final Enumeration names = props.propertyNames();
                while (names.hasMoreElements()) {
                    final String name = (String) names.nextElement();
                    final String value = props.getProperty(name);
                    factory.setAttribute(name, value);
                }
            }
        }

        return factory;
    }

三、Java的日志框架-slf4j

上代码：slf4j-LoggerFactoryBinder-github

public interface LoggerFactoryBinder {

    /**
     * Return the instance of {@link ILoggerFactory} that 
     * {@link org.slf4j.LoggerFactory} class should bind to.
     * 
     * @return the instance of {@link ILoggerFactory} that 
     * {@link org.slf4j.LoggerFactory} class should bind to.
     */
    public ILoggerFactory getLoggerFactory();

    /**
     * The String form of the {@link ILoggerFactory} object that this 
     * <code>LoggerFactoryBinder</code> instance is <em>intended</em> to return. 
     * 
     * <p>This method allows the developer to interrogate this binder's intention
     * which may be different from the {@link ILoggerFactory} instance it is able to 
     * yield in practice. The discrepancy should only occur in case of errors.
     * 
     * @return the class name of the intended {@link ILoggerFactory} instance
     */
    public String getLoggerFactoryClassStr();
}

这是slf4j提供的接口，而具体实现则需要进入到logback，找到StaticLoggerBinder。从下面这个版本之后就搜不到这个类了，具体不清楚为什么。
反正从目前可以理解，slf4j的绑定过程。

logback-StaticLoggerBinder-github

/**
 * Logback: the reliable, generic, fast and flexible logging framework.
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2015, QOS.ch. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program and the accompanying materials are dual-licensed under
 * either the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0 as published by
 * the Eclipse Foundation
 *
 *   or (per the licensee's choosing)
 *
 * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 */
package org.slf4j.impl;

import ch.qos.logback.core.status.StatusUtil;
import org.slf4j.ILoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.helpers.Util;
import org.slf4j.spi.LoggerFactoryBinder;

import ch.qos.logback.classic.LoggerContext;
import ch.qos.logback.classic.util.ContextInitializer;
import ch.qos.logback.classic.util.ContextSelectorStaticBinder;
import ch.qos.logback.core.CoreConstants;
import ch.qos.logback.core.joran.spi.JoranException;
import ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter;

/**
 * 
 * The binding of {@link LoggerFactory} class with an actual instance of
 * {@link ILoggerFactory} is performed using information returned by this class.
 * 
 * @author Ceki G&uuml;lc&uuml;</a>
 */
public class StaticLoggerBinder implements LoggerFactoryBinder {

    /**
     * Declare the version of the SLF4J API this implementation is compiled
     * against. The value of this field is usually modified with each release.
     */
    // to avoid constant folding by the compiler, this field must *not* be final
    public static String REQUESTED_API_VERSION = "1.7.16"; // !final

    final static String NULL_CS_URL = CoreConstants.CODES_URL + "#null_CS";

    /**
     * The unique instance of this class.
     */
    private static StaticLoggerBinder SINGLETON = new StaticLoggerBinder();

    private static Object KEY = new Object();

    static {
        SINGLETON.init();
    }

    private boolean initialized = false;
    private LoggerContext defaultLoggerContext = new LoggerContext();
    private final ContextSelectorStaticBinder contextSelectorBinder = ContextSelectorStaticBinder.getSingleton();

    private StaticLoggerBinder() {
        defaultLoggerContext.setName(CoreConstants.DEFAULT_CONTEXT_NAME);
    }

    public static StaticLoggerBinder getSingleton() {
        return SINGLETON;
    }

    /**
     * Package access for testing purposes.
     */
    static void reset() {
        SINGLETON = new StaticLoggerBinder();
        SINGLETON.init();
    }

    /**
     * Package access for testing purposes.
     */
    void init() {
        try {
            try {
                new ContextInitializer(defaultLoggerContext).autoConfig();
            } catch (JoranException je) {
                Util.report("Failed to auto configure default logger context", je);
            }
            // logback-292
            if (!StatusUtil.contextHasStatusListener(defaultLoggerContext)) {
                StatusPrinter.printInCaseOfErrorsOrWarnings(defaultLoggerContext);
            }
            contextSelectorBinder.init(defaultLoggerContext, KEY);
            initialized = true;
        } catch (Exception t) { // see LOGBACK-1159
            Util.report("Failed to instantiate [" + LoggerContext.class.getName() + "]", t);
        }
    }

    public ILoggerFactory getLoggerFactory() {
        if (!initialized) {
            return defaultLoggerContext;
        }

        if (contextSelectorBinder.getContextSelector() == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("contextSelector cannot be null. See also " + NULL_CS_URL);
        }
        return contextSelectorBinder.getContextSelector().getLoggerContext();
    }

    public String getLoggerFactoryClassStr() {
        return contextSelectorBinder.getClass().getName();
    }

}

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总结

上边分析了两种Java中的日志门面，优劣就不做判断了，这里只是一个引子，下一章想分析一下Go的微服务框架中的日志体系。