很多GUI程序都有菜单,上下文菜单,工具条等。用户通过菜单浏览程序提供的所有功能。上下文菜单和工具条能够使用户快速得到平时频繁使用得功能。
Qt使用“行为”(action)这个概念提供菜单和工具条。一个“行为(action)”是一个可以加入任何菜单或者工具条的项目。用Qt创建菜单和工具条需要如下步骤
1、 建立行为(action)
2、 创建菜单,并使它与一个行为关联
3、 创建工具条,并使它与一个行为关联
下面是SpreadSheet程序中createActions()函数得实现:
void
MainWindow::createActions()
... {
newAction = new QAction(tr("&New"), this);
newAction->setIcon(QIcon(":/images/new.png"));
newAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+N"));
newAction->setStatusTip(tr("Create a new spreadsheet file"));
connect(newAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), this, SLOT(newFile()));
//其他相关action
for (int i = 0; i < MaxRecentFiles; ++i)
...{
recentFileActions[i] = new QAction(this);
recentFileActions[i]->setVisible(false);
connect(recentFileActions[i], SIGNAL(triggered()), this, SLOT(openRecentFile()));
}
selectAllAction = new QAction(tr("&All"), this);
selectAllAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+A"));
selectAllAction->setStatusTip(tr("Select all the cells in the " "spreadsheet"));
connect(selectAllAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), spreadsheet, SLOT(selectAll()));
showGridAction = new QAction(tr("&Show Grid"), this);
showGridAction->setCheckable(true);
showGridAction->setChecked(spreadsheet->showGrid());
showGridAction->setStatusTip(tr("Show or hide the spreadsheet's ""grid"));
connect(showGridAction, SIGNAL(toggled(bool)),spreadsheet, SLOT(setShowGrid(bool)));
aboutQtAction = new QAction(tr("About &Qt"), this);
aboutQtAction->setStatusTip(tr("Show the Qt library's About box"));
connect(aboutQtAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), qApp, SLOT(aboutQt()));
}
... {
newAction = new QAction(tr("&New"), this);
newAction->setIcon(QIcon(":/images/new.png"));
newAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+N"));
newAction->setStatusTip(tr("Create a new spreadsheet file"));
connect(newAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), this, SLOT(newFile()));
//其他相关action
for (int i = 0; i < MaxRecentFiles; ++i)
...{
recentFileActions[i] = new QAction(this);
recentFileActions[i]->setVisible(false);
connect(recentFileActions[i], SIGNAL(triggered()), this, SLOT(openRecentFile()));
}
selectAllAction = new QAction(tr("&All"), this);
selectAllAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+A"));
selectAllAction->setStatusTip(tr("Select all the cells in the " "spreadsheet"));
connect(selectAllAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), spreadsheet, SLOT(selectAll()));
showGridAction = new QAction(tr("&Show Grid"), this);
showGridAction->setCheckable(true);
showGridAction->setChecked(spreadsheet->showGrid());
showGridAction->setStatusTip(tr("Show or hide the spreadsheet's ""grid"));
connect(showGridAction, SIGNAL(toggled(bool)),spreadsheet, SLOT(setShowGrid(bool)));
aboutQtAction = new QAction(tr("About &Qt"), this);
aboutQtAction->setStatusTip(tr("Show the Qt library's About box"));
connect(aboutQtAction, SIGNAL(triggered()), qApp, SLOT(aboutQt()));
}
以第一个action为例:这个action为New,有一个加速键(N),一个父对象(主窗口),一个图标(new.jpg),一个快捷键(Ctrl+N),还有一个提示信息。我们连接这个action的triggered()信号和主窗口得私有槽函数newFile(),这个函数将在下一节实现。用户在选择了File|New菜单项,点击了New工具栏,或者在键盘敲了Ctrl+N时,newFile()被调用。
Open,Save,SaveAs这些行为和New行为相似,所以略去这个部分说明recentFileActions的实现。
recentFileActions是一个action数组。里面的action被隐藏起来并连接到openRecentFile()槽函数。以后我们会讨论这些最近使用的文件是怎么可见的和被使用的。
现在看看行为Options菜单里的ShowGrid。
ShowGrid是一个可选取的行为,菜单的旁边有一个选择的记号。在工具栏上这一项是个套索形式的工具条。当它被按下时,SpreadSheet组件显示一个网格。
ShowGrid和Auto_Recalculate是独立的行为。Qt的类QActionGroup也提供多选一的行为。
现在我们实现菜单函数createMenus()
void
MainWindow::createMenus()
... {
fileMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&File"));
fileMenu->addAction(newAction);
fileMenu->addAction(openAction);
fileMenu->addAction(saveAction);
fileMenu->addAction(saveAsAction);
separatorAction = fileMenu->addSeparator();
for (int i = 0; i < MaxRecentFiles; ++i)
fileMenu->addAction(recentFileActions[i]);
fileMenu->addSeparator();
fileMenu->addAction(exitAction);
editMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Edit"));
editMenu->addAction(cutAction);
editMenu->addAction(copyAction);
editMenu->addAction(pasteAction);
editMenu->addAction(deleteAction);
selectSubMenu = editMenu->addMenu(tr("&Select"));
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectRowAction);
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectColumnAction);
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectAllAction);
editMenu->addSeparator();
editMenu->addAction(findAction);
editMenu->addAction(goToCellAction);
toolsMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Tools"));
toolsMenu->addAction(recalculateAction);
toolsMenu->addAction(sortAction);
optionsMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Options"));
optionsMenu->addAction(showGridAction);
optionsMenu->addAction(autoRecalcAction);
menuBar()->addSeparator();
helpMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Help"));
helpMenu->addAction(aboutAction);
helpMenu->addAction(aboutQtAction);
}
... {
fileMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&File"));
fileMenu->addAction(newAction);
fileMenu->addAction(openAction);
fileMenu->addAction(saveAction);
fileMenu->addAction(saveAsAction);
separatorAction = fileMenu->addSeparator();
for (int i = 0; i < MaxRecentFiles; ++i)
fileMenu->addAction(recentFileActions[i]);
fileMenu->addSeparator();
fileMenu->addAction(exitAction);
editMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Edit"));
editMenu->addAction(cutAction);
editMenu->addAction(copyAction);
editMenu->addAction(pasteAction);
editMenu->addAction(deleteAction);
selectSubMenu = editMenu->addMenu(tr("&Select"));
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectRowAction);
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectColumnAction);
selectSubMenu->addAction(selectAllAction);
editMenu->addSeparator();
editMenu->addAction(findAction);
editMenu->addAction(goToCellAction);
toolsMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Tools"));
toolsMenu->addAction(recalculateAction);
toolsMenu->addAction(sortAction);
optionsMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Options"));
optionsMenu->addAction(showGridAction);
optionsMenu->addAction(autoRecalcAction);
menuBar()->addSeparator();
helpMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Help"));
helpMenu->addAction(aboutAction);
helpMenu->addAction(aboutQtAction);
}
在Qt中,菜单是类QMenu的实例。addMenu()函数创建一个带有文本的QMenu控件,把它添加的菜单条中。QMainWindow::menuBar()函数返回一个QMenuBar指针,当程序第一次调用menuBar()时,菜单条就被创建好了
我们首先新建了File菜单,给它添加了New,Open,Save,SaveAs行为。一个分割条(separator)把功能相近的菜单组合起来并和其他菜单分开。使用for循环添加recentFileActions行为数组,然后又添加了exitAction行为。
我们保存了一个separator的指针,是因为这样可以控制它是否可见,如果最近文件没有时,这个separator就隐藏起来。
相同的方式创建Edit,Option,Help等菜单。
上下文菜单实现createContextMenu():
void
MainWindow::createContextMenu()
{
spreadsheet -> addAction(cutAction);
spreadsheet -> addAction(copyAction);
spreadsheet -> addAction(pasteAction);
spreadsheet -> setContextMenuPolicy(Qt::ActionsContextMenu);
}
{
spreadsheet -> addAction(cutAction);
spreadsheet -> addAction(copyAction);
spreadsheet -> addAction(pasteAction);
spreadsheet -> setContextMenuPolicy(Qt::ActionsContextMenu);
}
工具条createToolbars()
void
MainWindow::createToolBars()
{
fileToolBar = addToolBar(tr( " &File " ));
fileToolBar -> addAction(newAction);
fileToolBar -> addAction(openAction);
fileToolBar -> addAction(saveAction);
editToolBar = addToolBar(tr( " &Edit " ));
editToolBar -> addAction(cutAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(copyAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(pasteAction);
editToolBar -> addSeparator();
editToolBar -> addAction(findAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(goToCellAction);
}
{
fileToolBar = addToolBar(tr( " &File " ));
fileToolBar -> addAction(newAction);
fileToolBar -> addAction(openAction);
fileToolBar -> addAction(saveAction);
editToolBar = addToolBar(tr( " &Edit " ));
editToolBar -> addAction(cutAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(copyAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(pasteAction);
editToolBar -> addSeparator();
editToolBar -> addAction(findAction);
editToolBar -> addAction(goToCellAction);
}